11. When glucagon is released, indicate whether glucagon will activate or inacti
ID: 1029663 • Letter: 1
Question
11. When glucagon is released, indicate whether glucagon will activate or inactivate the following enzyme icate whether glucagon will activate or inactivate the following enzyme activity or pathways (5 pts). (a) Phosphofructokinase 2 (b) Gluconeogenesis (c) Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (d) Protein kinase A (e) Pyruvate kinase 12. The following compounds are intermediates in the direction of TCA cycle. -Can Indicate what step(s) are involved in oxidation, decarboxylation, and GTP synthesis? (give the step with an arrow, e.g. A B) (9 pts) Oxidation: Decarboxylation GTP synthesis: 13. How many ATPs will be generated from the complete degradation of following molecules to CO: or oxaloacetate. Assume that the major metabolic pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation, are all active. NADH can produce 1.5 or 2.,5 ATP. depending on where NADIH is synthesized (5 pts) i. 1 molecule of a-ketoglutarate ii. 1 molecule of lactateExplanation / Answer
1. Glucagon inactivates the Phosphofructokinase -2 by activating protein kinase A. In the fasting condition when glucose level in body is low, glucagon released into the bloodstream trigging cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signal cascade which then reached to protein kinase A . Protein kinase A inactivates Phosphofructokinase -2 that leads to inhibition of glycolysis.
2. Glucagon generally activates gluconeogenesis. Glucagon stimulate phosphofructokinase -1 which inhibits glycolysis and activates gluconeogenesis.
3. When the cAMP signal cascade reached to protein kinase A, it activates phosphofructokinase -1 , which lowers the concentration of fructose -2,6 -biphosphate.
4. When glucagon released into the bloodstream at first it will activate Adenylate cyclase manufractures cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which further activate protein kinase A.
5. As protein kinase A is activated by Glucagon. Therefore glucagon inactivates the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase.
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