The following energy level diagrams show a three-step process for converting a m

Question

The following energy level diagrams show a three-step process for converting a metal atom into a hydrated divalent cation. Enthalpy is a state function. The change in enthalpy between the initial and final species is the same, regardless of path. As such, the path from one chemical species to another does not matter. The first step of the process, annotated as delta H in the figure, is the sublimation of zinc atoms. The value of delta H is 130 kJ for Zn and 197 kJ for Pb.On the figure, write in the states of matter for the Zn in the sublimation of zinc. Write the chemical reaction that occurs for the sublimation step. The second step of the process, annotated as IP(2+) in the figure, is the ionization of the gas sphere atom to the divalent cation. The value of IP(2+) is 2641 kJ for Zn and 2168 kJ of Pb. On the figure, write in the state of matter for the zinc divalent cation after gas phase ionization. Write the chemical reaction that occurs during the gas phase ionization of zinc atoms. The third step of the process, annotated as delta H in the figure, is hydration of the divalent cation. The value of delta H is -2009 kJ for Zn and -1486 kJ for Pb. On the figure, write in the state of matter for the divalent cation after hydration. Write the chemical reaction that occurs during hte hydration of divalent zinc cations.

Explanation / Answer

23. Sublimation is a process of conversion of solid state to gaseous state.

So, in case of Zn, it is changing from Zn(s) to Zn(g).

The chemical reaction is: Zn(s) ----> Zn(g)

So, in case of Pb, it is changing from Pb(s) to Pb(g).

The chemical reaction is: Pb(s) ----> Pb(g)

24. Ionization occurs in the gaseous phase, with loss of electrons.

So, in case of Zn, it is changing from Zn(g) to Zn2+(g).

The chemical reaction is: Zn(g) ----> Zn2+(g) + 2e-

So, in case of Pb, it is changing from Pb(g) to Pb2+(g).

The chemical reaction is: Pb(g) ----> Pb2+(g) + 2e-

25) Hydration means the ion is in aqueous solution.

So, in case of Zn, it is changing from Zn2+(g) to Zn2+(aq)

The chemical reaction is: Zn2+(g) ----> Zn2+(aq)

in case of Zn, it is changing from Pb2+(g) to Pb2+(aq)

The chemical reaction is: Pb2+(g) ----> Pb2+(aq)

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