Identify the three components in your assigned mixture by a table of melting poi

Question

Identify the three components in your assigned mixture by a table of melting points, experimental and literature, and draw the structures of the three compounds. Calculate the percent composition of all three compounds. A separatory funnel contains organic and aqueous layers. How could you quickly determine which layer was aqueous? What component of the unknown solution remains in the organic solvent and is unaffected by hydroxide or bicarbonate? Why is a carboxylic acid separable from a phenol in this experiment? Explain how the carboxylate anion (RCOO^-) is converted to RCOOH and recovered. Include a chemical reaction in your explanation with full Lewis structures. Draw a flow diagram showing how you would separate a mixture of benzoic acid, phenol, and biphenyl.

Explanation / Answer

q1

the aquous layer is typically less viscous and transparent, its color is either white at maximum.

for the organic layer --> it is typically less dense so it goes to the top, more viscous and typically in colors, i.e. yellow or so

q2

the biphenyl remains in organic layer, it has no reactive groups, and will not be affected

q3

you can separate the acid, since you can neutralize it, then extract it and separate it from the phenol which remains organic layer

q4

the anion is converted to RCOOH simply by addition of a strong acid such as HCl

so

HCl --> H+ and Cl-

and

R-COO- + H+ --> R-COOH

Q5

Diagram goes as follow:

Add (NH4)2CO3

organic layer --> phenol + biphenyl

aquous --> the benzoic acid (in NH4 salt)

then

add HCl to the aquous layer --> the acid is separated since the anion form COOH again (preivously explained

add NaOH to organic layer...

organic layer will get only biphenyl due to polarity

the aquous layer is the alochol now converted to the sodium phenolate

now... the aquous layer must be neutralized ot form again the phenol

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