Examples of Conceptual Questions for the Final: (note, these are linking concept
ID: 1066588 • Letter: E
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Examples of Conceptual Questions for the Final: (note, these are linking concepts from multiple chapters Explain why a thermodynamically stable species may be chemically reactive and a thermodynamically unstable species may be unreactive. As a sample of what you know about equilibrium, select three items from this st and discuss how each of them pertains to equilibrium: free energy, colligative properties, temperature, pH, batteries Compare and contrast Lewis acid/bases with Bronsted acid/bases. Give definitions and examples Describe how complex ions fit the Lewis definition, but not the Bronsted definition. How are intermolecular forces involved in natural polymers like proteins and nucleic acids? Recall factors that affect rate of reaction. How does an enzyme speed up a reaction? Why does the body tend to use enzymes rather than other methods to increase reaction rate? Explain how entropy can contribute to the formation of a solution from a salt and water.Explanation / Answer
question 2
lewis acid and lewis base
Lewis corrosive is a concoction animal groups that responds with a Lewis base to shape a Lewis adduct. A Lewis base, then, is any species that gives a couple of electrons to a Lewis corrosive to frame a Lewis adduct. For instance, OH and NH3 are Lewis bases, since they can give a solitary match of electrons. In the adduct, the Lewis corrosive and base share an electron combine outfitted by the Lewis base..
Usually the terms Lewis corrosive and Lewis base are characterized inside the setting of a particular synthetic response. For instance, in the response of Me3B and NH3 to give Me3BNH3, Me3B goes about as a Lewis corrosive, and NH3 goes about as a Lewis base. Me3BNH3 is the Lewis adduct. The phrasing alludes to the commitments of Gilbert N. Lewis.
n many cases, the collaboration between the Lewis base and Lewis corrosive in a complex is demonstrated by a bolt showing the Lewis base giving electrons toward the Lewis corrosive utilizing the documentation of a dative security—for instance, Me3BNH3. A few sources demonstrate the Lewis base with a couple of spots (the express electrons being given), which permits reliable representation of the move from the base itself to the complex with the corrosive:
Me3B + :NH3 Me3B:NH3
An inside dab may likewise be utilized to speak to a Lewis adduct, for example, Me3B•NH3. Another illustration is boron trifluoride etherate, BF3•Et2O. The middle spot is additionally used to speak to hydrate coordination in different precious stones, as in MgSO4•7H2O for hydrated magnesium sulfate. All in all, notwithstanding, the donor–acceptor bond is seen as basically some place along a continuum between admired covalent holding and ionic holding.
amples of Lewis acids in light of the general meaning of electron combine acceptor include:
the proton (H+) and acidic mixes onium particles, for example, NH4+ and H3O+
metal cations, for example, Li+ and Mg2+, frequently as their aquo or ether edifices,
trigonal planar species, for example, BF3 and carbocations H3C+
A Lewis base is a nuclear or sub-atomic species where the most noteworthy involved sub-atomic orbital (HOMO) is profoundly confined. Run of the mill Lewis bases are routine amines, for example, smelling salts and alkyl amines. Other basic Lewis bases incorporate pyridine and its subordinates. A portion of the principle classes of Lewis bases are
amines of the recipe NH3xRx where R = alkyl or aryl. Identified with these are pyridine and its subordinates.
phosphines of the recipe PR3xAx, where R = alkyl, A = aryl.
mixes of O, S, Se and Te in oxidation state 2, including water, ethers, ketones
The most well-known Lewis bases are anions. The quality of Lewis basicity associates with the pKa of the parent corrosive: acids with high pKa's give great Lewis bases. Not surprisingly, a weaker corrosive has a more grounded conjugate base.
Cases of Lewis bases in view of the general meaning of electron match contributor include:
straightforward anions, for example, H and F.
other solitary combine containing species, for example, H2O, NH3, HO, and CH3
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