Pease answer No. 7-17 Lab 7 - The Structure of the Solar System Stars and solar
ID: 107210 • Letter: P
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Pease answer No. 7-17
Lab 7 - The Structure of the Solar System Stars and solar systems are formed out of giant gas and dust clouds that gather in space called nebula. The primary elements in the clouds are hydrogen and helium, mostly because in order to create heavier elements through nuclear fusion stars have to be really big or have to undergo a supernova explosion. Gravitational interactions within the nebula form dense regions as mass begins to accumulate, eventually leading to the birth of a protostar and a protoplanetary disk. Within the protoplanetary disk, planets form through gravitational interaction. The location of the planet plays an important role in how massive it becomes, how big it becomes, and what kind of atmosphere it will have. The Snow Line An important feature of the solar system is the snow line, which is also called the frost line. This is the distance from the Sun within the solar system in which the radiation is not intense enough to prevent water ice from forming out of water vapor. The water vapor in the region outside of the snow line can form ice or frost and attach to a dust grain as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: A) Inside the snow line, water can only exist as vapor. The water vapor would be pushed out into space and protoplanets could only form with dust grains. B) Outside the snow line, frost and ice can accumulate on a dust grain, giving planets that form in this region a greater overall mass and a smaller average density. 1 Inside the snow line, water vapor will eventually be pushed out into the outer reaches of the solar system through radiation pressure (which we’ll discuss in the next section), leaving only heavier elements in the inner part of the solar system to form protoplanets. Outside the snow line, there is more mass to form protoplanets because the water vapor condenses to form ice on the dust grains. This results in planets with more mass and a larger volume. This also has an eect on the average density of the planets. Water ice is less dense than silicate rock (the “dust grains”), the net eect is that protoplanets that form outside the snow line have a lower overall density. The density of an object can be found using the following equation
1) What is the mass of Object A? (Hint: mass = · Volume)
2) What is the mass of Object B?
3) Calculate the average density of Object C (Hint: there is 1 m3 of each type of substance in this object.) 4) Is the average density of the Object C greater than or less than the average density of the Object A?
Now let’s look at how this relates to the planets. Figure 2 shows a chart of the estimated temperatures and distances from the center of the early solar nebula for the planets. Planets inside the snow line formed into rocky planets. Planets outside the snow line formed into large gas planets.
Figure 2: Estimated temperatures and distances from the center of the early solar nebula for the planets. With more mass to form planets, the Jovian planets (gas giants) quickly grew in mass. Additionally, this means that they had high escape velocities and were able to hold onto lighter elements such as hydrogen and helium, which makes up nearly the entire composition of these planets. 5) A planet called Rython has a mass of 345 1021 kg and a volume of 1.63 1011 km3. What is the average density of Rython? 6) A planet called Dalbak has a mass of 1.4 1027 kg and a volume of 1.43 1015 km3. What is the average density of Dalbak?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars all have similar densities as Rython, while Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, and Jupiter all have similar densities as Dalbak. 7) Looking at Figure 2, what generalization can be made as to the average density of a planet inside the snow line vs. a planet outside the snow line? 8) Assume there were equal parts rock and water in the early solar system. Explain how the outer planets can have so much bigger while having lower densities. (See Figure 1 and your results from 1-4 to draw a conclusion). Radiation Pressure Earlier in the course we learned that a photon has an energy associated with its wavelength. When a photon encounters an object, it can impart some of this energy onto the object, changing its momentum. An analogy would be how a billiard ball can impart its momentum onto another billiard ball, although the actual interaction between light and matter is much more complex. Radiation pressure is what holds up the Sun from collapsing on itself, causes space craft to drift, and causes lighter elements to be pushed out into the outer reaches of the solar system. Modeling the actual interaction between photons and matter is too di"cult for our purposes, so we will model molecules as tiny solar sails. Solar sails are a type of propulsion system in which a spacecraft uses a giant sail allowing the millions of photons to push the craft away from the Sun. The ship will sail when the force of radiation pressure > force of gravity because the forces are in opposite directions. Deriving this is beyond the scope of this course, but we find a condition that relates the cross-sectional area A of the object to the mass of the object, m: A m > 628 m2 /kg (2) If this condition is met, the object will be pushed away from the Sun. If the condition is not met, the object will be bound to the Sun gravitationally.
9) Calculate the ratio A/m for each of the objects listed in Table 1 and fill in the third column.
10) Examining Eq.(2) and comparing to your results, which object(s) is/are certainly going to be blown into the outer solar system?
11) Examining Eq.(2) and comparing to your results, which object(s) is/are certainly not going to be blown into the outer solar system?
ohei/Downloads/Lab7-Spring 2017.pdf intense enough to prevent water ice from forming out of water vapor. The water vapor in the region outside of the snow line can form ice or frost and attach to a dust grain as shown in Figure 1. snow line Figure 1: A) Inside the snow line, water can only exist as vapor. The water vapor would be pushed out into space and protoplanets could only form with dust grains. B) outside the snow frost and ice can accumulate on a dust grain, giving planets that form in this region a greater overall mass and a smaller average density, MacBook ProExplanation / Answer
1)Mass of object A =volume*average density
The volume is 1m3 and the density of silicate is 3000kg/m3.
Mass of object A=1*3000=3000kg
2)Mass of object B=volume*density
The volume is 1m3 and density is 1000kg/m3 for ice.
Mass of object B=1*1000=1000kg.
3)Mass of object C=volume*density
The object is composed of 2m3 were 50% is made of ice and 50% is made of silicate.
Now the density of ice=3000kg/m3. 50%of 3000=3000*50/100=1500kg/m3
Now the density of silicate=1000kg/m3. 50% of 1000=1000*50/100=500kg/m3
Now the total density of object C=1500+500=2000kg/m3
Mass of object C=2*2000=4000kg
4)The average density of object C is lesser than object A as the density of object A is 3000kg/m3 while the density of object C is 2000kg/m3.
5)The average density of Rython =mass/volume=(1021/(1011/1000))=1009.8kg/m3
6)Average density of Dalbak=mass/volume=(1027/(1015/1000))=1011.8kg/m3
7)When a planet is present inside a snow line,the density if the planet is considerably high than normal density and the planet outside the snow line will considerably have lower density than the previous case.
8)When the initial solar system is said to be composed of rocks and water,the density of the planets will considerably be less when compared to the density of rocks.
9)A/m ratio for water molecule=(6.36*10^-20)/(3*10^-20)=2.12m2/kg
A/m ratio of iron atom=(1.02*10^-20)/(9.27*10^-19)=0.011m2/kg
A/m ratio of pebble=(0.000)/(0.327)=0
10)According to the calculations made,the pebbles present are going to be blown into the outer atmosphere as they are the most light weight particles.
11)From the calculations,the water molecules present cannot be blown into the outer atmosphere as the mass and density are considerably high.
12)At about 12km/s of escape velocity,the earth would reach an temperature of 310K and the coordinates are(310,12).
13)Nearly at an escape velocity of 5km/s,mars can reach the higher temperature specified and the coordinates are(290,5).
14)The moon Triton is said to have very little atmosphere.
15)The moon Titan is said to have the richest atmospere.
16)Callisto has a richer atmosphere when compared to triton.
17)The escape velocity of callisto is greater than triton and the temperature is also higher when compared to triton.
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