Why was the first Industrial Revolution British according to Robert Allen? Why a
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Question
Why was the first Industrial Revolution British according to Robert Allen? Why according to Allen did France not take the lead, for example, in the cottons industry? What alternative views to other scholars have on this question?
What was the original purpose of the steam engine? How did it evolve to become a general purpose engine?
What is the main analysis and conclusion of Allen’s application of the factorbias model (theory) of technical change as an explanation of the British Industrial Revolution? Be prepared to use the factorbias model to address this question.
Who are James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?
Who are Thomas Newcomen and James Watt?
What are the key differences between macroinventions and microinventions? Is one or the other more prone to factor bias in technical change?
What relationship was there between the Enlightenment, the Scientific Revolution in Europe, and the First (Second) Industrial Revolution?
Distinguish between the key macroinventions and at least some microinventions in the cotton textiles and steam engine technologies of the First Industrial Revolution.
What function did bills of exchange provide. How did the international market for bills of exchange work? How did bills of exchange create credit?
What was the source of the fiscal problems the Stuarts, James I and Charles I , inherited? How did they try to address them? Explain how this sets the stage for the North and Weingast argument about the rise of limited government in England.
According to North and Weingast, what was the significance of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Financial Revolution in England?
Review how goldsmith acceptance and clearings were done in practice. Explain how this process resulted in money creation. How does this institution for maintaining banknotes compare with the institution of the Exchange Bank, or Wisselbank, in Amsterdam. What were the key innovations of goldsmith banking relative to existing practice in Amsterdam?
What does the evidence for taxsmoothing policy in Britain in the 18th century look like? What did this policy accomplish?
How was the French Revolution a multitiered political revolution? Contrast the influences of the French Revolution and the British Industrial Revolution in the subsequent economic development and industrialization of the European continent.
What influence did the French continental system and the British naval blockade have on European industrial geography?
What was the significance of the removal of internal tariffs in France under Napoleon or in the German states under the Zollverein?
Explanation / Answer
1) According to Allen the first industrial revolution took place in Britain because labor wages were higher than any other parts of the world. Capital & energy were relatively cheaper, as cost of energy production from coal was very low. Since wages were higher it created a well-educated pool of labor, who helped in developing technological innovations & investments. The economy became more focused on innovation, technology development & skilled labors.
According to Allen France was not able to take lead in the cotton industry as advanced techniques for spinning & machinery were not cost effective at French prices.
2) The original purpose of steam engine was to remove water from deep mines efficiently. It evolved into a general purpose engine after several modification by ‘Thomas Newcomen, Thomas Savery & James Watts’.
3) James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright are inventors of Spinning jenny & water frame spinning machine respectively. Basically both invented mechanized machines for spinning.
4) Thomas Newcomen was an English inventor who first developed the steam engine.
James Watt is was a Scottish inventor who improved Thomas Newcomen's steam engine & ‘invented Watt steam engine’.
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