The National Innovative System 1. What are the main ways in which universities a
ID: 1140100 • Letter: T
Question
The National Innovative System
1. What are the main ways in which universities and private businesses interact?
2. Discuss the role of government in supporting the NIS in emerging markets?
Innovative, Firms, and Markets
3. Should policy makers attempt to encourage entrepreneurship?
4. What costs and benefits accrue to firms from innovation?
5. What are Schumpeter’s two main hypothesis concerning innovation? How would you test them?
6. What have we learned from empirical studies about the returns to R&D?
7. How does competition affect innovation in theory and in practice?
Explanation / Answer
The national innovative system can be understood as a network of institutions whose interactoins act as a key to determine the the innovative process of national firms.
(1)
* episodic contracting :- firms make a contract inturn universities provide ad hoc research/ consultancy
* strategic commissioning :- firms provide fund while universities provide planned research services
*continuous partnership :- universities provide sustained research for funds from firms.
*university licenses research :- university licenses technologies for the license fee paid by firms.
* technology transfer :- universities perform research transfer for funds provided by govt. or business firms.
* upward development spiral :- government supports universities' innovations to promote industrial development
* tech start-ups :- university and venture capitla firm enter into a deal which may include private finance or IPO to create a start up
*exit plus tech start- ups :- a research who finds industrial opportunity leaves the department and negotiate with venture capital company to set a start-up
*specific marketing :- firms funds quality research with an expectation of opportunities to get contact with potential customers. (reference :The impact of the social sciences : how academics and their research make a difference by Genevieve Hohnen)
some other interactions are :- development of curriculum, student internships, joint programmes and research projects
2. role of government
- policy making
- promotion
- human resource development
3. policy makers should attempt to encourage enterpreneurship because it is the key to economic development.
4. advantages
- increases productivity
-increases competitiveness
- improves recognition
- potential partnerships and relationships
improves profitability
- better quality
costs
- financial burden
-competition
-risk associated with commercial return
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