Answer all the questions!!! 1. If living in large groups has costs and benefits,

Question

Answer all the questions!!! 1. If living in large groups has costs and benefits, under what conditions would natural selection favor group living? 2. Explain the cost and benefits that might influence optical flock size in birds. 3. In the kin selection explanation for the evolution of altruism, why is the benefit to the recipient weighted by its coefficient of relatedness to the donor? 4. Why is the realized niche considered a subset of the fundamental niche? 5. What mechanisms could cause evenly spaced versus clustered distributions of individuals within populations?

Explanation / Answer

1. Living in an area with large number of groups has costs and benefits and would definitely favour group living. Basically in an area with large number of PREDATORS natural selection do favor living in large groups.

3. Kin selection is a process when an animal engages in a self sacrificial behaviour which can benefit the genetic fitness of its relatives, rather than thinking about their own self comfort. ALTRUISM is a form of behaviour that benefit other individuals at the expense of the one which perform the action. In natural selection where living in groups really have benefits to save closely related organisms, ensuring the survival that individuals share.

2. Birds feeding in flocks get an increased intake of kernels and thus by feeding under good conditions can raise kernel intake and gain higher energy. Here group size is one major aspect because average individuals live in groups larger than mean group size.

4. The realized niche is some subnet of the fundamental niche, which is influenced by its interaction with other species and also majorly by geographic range of species. Generally realized niche is the range of biotic and antibiotic conditions in which a species persists.

5. Overtime the individuals within same population evenly split into two distinct species due to genetic differences between the individuals and TERRITORIAL ANIMALS is the best mechanism which could cause evenly spaced distributions and is termed as sympatric speciation.

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