The Central Valley was once one of North America\'s most productive wildlife hab
ID: 1159916 • Letter: T
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The Central Valley was once one of North America's most productive wildlife habitats, a 450-mile-long expanse marbled with meandering streams and lush wetlands that provided an ideal stop for migratory shorebirds on their annual journeys from South America and Mexico to the Arctic and baclk Farmers and engineers have long since tamed the valley. Of the wetlands that existed before the valley was settled, about 95 percent are gone, and the number of migratory birds has declined drastically. But now an unusual alliance of conservationists, bird watchers and farmers have joined in an innovative plan to restore essential habitat for the migrating birds The BirdReturns program, financed by the Nature Conservancy, pays rice farmers in the birds' flight path to keep their fields flooded with irrigation water from the Sacramento River as migrating flocks arrive. The project's first season ended last month, as birds headed north from newly flooded fields. Researchers said all of the birds whose numbers they hoped to improve were seen on "pop up" wetlands - a temporary steppingstone for the birds' journey north. This happened when the field would have ordinarily been drained, an indication that the approach was working. The fields will be flooded again in the fall for the birds' return journey. The Central Valley is the most developed of the landscapes they cross. Until now one of the biggest problems has been that in February, at the peak of migration, rice farmers are letting their fields dry out in preparation for planting. "When they need it most, there's less and less habitat," said Mark Reynolds, a Nature Conservancy scientist who helped design the program In this first year, 10,000 acres (out of 5oo,oo0 devoted to rice farming in the Central Valley) owned by 40 farmers were flooded for four, six or eight weeks, at an average of 200 to 250 acres each. (Many farmers did not participate because of California's drought.) Even for farmers who have enough water, the program can require some careful calibration. "If we put our water on late, the fields might not dry out" in time for planting, said Doug Thomas, who grows sushi rice for Rue & Forsman Ranch near here and who took part in the program this year. But he added that the compensation was better than adequate and that he liked the private-sector nature of the initiative. Question: Using concepts from the class, explain what is going on with the birds and farmers in the Central Valley.Explanation / Answer
The normal two-foot framing rectangular is an L-shaped tool that is used to mark angles for cuts utilized in building framing, specially roof rafters, stair stringers, and plenty of different cuts or angles instead of 90°.
On both the long and brief fingers of the framing square are marked various framing tables giving rafter lengths, roof slopes and the right angle of cuts for various roofing connections equivalent to a rafter finish abutting the ridbe board, the birds' mouth cut at the rafter segment that rests atop a wall plate, hip and valley rafter cuts and different information.
Other tables comprise conversions of inches of upward push/run to slope in degrees, conversion of fractions of an inch (1/32, 1/sixteen, 1/eight etc. ) to decimal fractions, conversion of inches to decimal fractions of a foot, numbers of joists, studs, rafters, and even pilot gap measurement suggestions for wooden screws.
Definition of the ingredients of a Framing rectangular: blade, tongue, heel, front, again
The components and faces of the framing rectangular labelled in the framing rectangular photo above, and are known as follows:
The framing rectangular blade or body: this is the broader and longer arm of the "L", most likely 2" in width and 24" long.
The framing square tongue: this is the shorter and extra slender arm of the "L", quite often 1 half " in width and sixteen" lengthy.
The framing rectangular heel: is the point the place the 2 fingers of the framing rectangular meet. In our framing rectangular snapshot above the framing square heel is indicated by way of the yellow arrow. Under we take a better appear on the heel face and the back of the heel of the framing rectangular.
The framing square face or front is the aspect of the square you're going to see should you seem at the square while retaining its longer arm, the tongue, horizontally with the shorter arm, the tongue to your proper and pointing down.
When held on this role, the wider longer blade or physique arm is pointing to my left and shows me a desk of customary rafter lengths per foot of tun, hip or valley rafter lengths per foot run. Under our snapshot indicates the entrance or face view of a framing rectangular.
Noticeable from the top edge of the framing rectangular blade then relocating downwards, on the entrance of the blade when you preserve the framing rectangular with the tongue or shorter arm to your proper and pointing down you'll be able to see inches marked in 16ths on the blade prime side, then the tables we provide under, and ultimately inches marked in 8ths on the bottom edge of the blade.
Long-established Rafter size per Foot of Run - this is the top line in the rafter size tables
Hip or Valley Rafter size per Foot of Run
Diff in size of Jacks 16 Inch centers
DIff in length of Jacks 24 Inch facilities
aspect reduce length of Jack Rafters
facet reduce of Hip Rafter or Valley Rafter
table found on the front of a Framing rectangular Tongue
whilst you keep the framing rectangular with the tongue or shorter arm to your right and pointing down, on the outer edge of the framing square tongue are inches marked in 8ths, then the desk I cite below, and sooner or later inches marked in 16ths on the inside edge of the tongue.
The Octagon Scale in multiples of 5 (located within the middle of the tongue)
Tables determined on the again of a Framing square Blade
quantity of Joists, Studs, or Rafters N Run toes-In
Convert inches to decimal fractions of a foot
change inches of upward thrust per foot into levels of slope
timber screw pilot gap dimension recommendations
Conversion table of fashioned dimension rule fractions in 32nds, 16ths, & 8ths into decimal fractions
[Older Framing Squares]: on older steel framing squares the again of the blade contained the Essex Board Measure, a table that allowed the user to estimate the quantity of board ft in a quantity of lumber of given dimensions, where one board foot is defined as a piece of lumber that's 1" thick x 12" huge x 12" lengthy.
See HOPPUS MEASURER for the history of board toes.
Tables discovered on the back of a Framing square Tongue
Tongue again: Brace Triangle desk, also referred to as the Diagonal desk or the Brace Rule
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