ESCI 1010 Lab 8 Air Pollution Before Lab: Review pages 395-413 in your Weather a

Question

ESCI 1010 Lab 8 Air Pollution Before Lab: Review pages 395-413 in your Weather and Climate textbook. Please pay specal atten to the sections entitled: "The Air Pollution Threat, "Sources and Types of Air Pollution, ir Quality" and "Meteorological and policies available through the US Environmental Protection Agency ·"Trends in Air Factors Affecting Air Pollution". You may also elect to consult resources (www.spa.gov). This lab focuses on air pollution. Through this exercise you will explore patterns in pollution concentrations as well as weather conditions that contribute to poor air quality near the Earth's surface. LAB EXERCISE 1. Recall the concentrations of some components of the atmosphere vary with time and/or with place. Figure 8.1 summarizes the concentrations of fine particulate matter between 2001 and 2006. Fine particulates (2.5 micrometers or less) get past our body's defenses, can remain in our extended time and are associated with a range of health impacts (see Figure 14-6 in your Have a look at the map-what places (consult an atlas or globe as necessary) are exposed to highest concentrations of fine particulates? 50 80 10 15 20 Satellite-Derived PM25 Lig/m Figure 8.1: Global Perspective of Fine Particulate Matter (2.5 micrometers or less) 2001-2006 (source: NASA-gov)

Explanation / Answer

1)

a) Place with high concentration are :

Virginia

north corolina

georgia

ohio

tennessee

missouri

indiana

kentucky

mississippi

Texas

Place with low concentration are :

North dakota

south dakota

kansas

new mexico

utah

neveda

california

colorado

washinaton

oregon

b) Primary and Secondary Sources PM is emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources, and its components are both primary (directly emitted) and secondary (formed in the atmosphere). Direct natural emissions come from wildfires, sea spray, and resuspension of organic matter such as leaf litter. The first of these produces primarily PM2.5, while the latter two are mainly PM10. Mineral dust has both natural and anthropogenic origins: it is lofted from arid and semiarid regions and can be mobilized by agricultural or construction activities. Its emission rates are especially susceptible to climate conditions. Combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels is a large primary anthropogenic source. Combustion processes are the only sources of black carbon, which together with “brown” carbon1 has an important role in PM light absorption. Sources of secondary PM precursors (gases leading to particulate matter through atmospheric reactions) include gaseous vegetative emissions, motor vehicle emissions, and wood-smoke emissions. Reduced sulfur and nitrogen compounds are oxidized to the particulate components sulfate and nitrate, respectively. Ammonium is a common cation (positively charged ion) incorporated from the gas phase into the particle phase to neutralize these acid secondary species, although sodium, calcium, and other cations derived from sea salt or minerals are also often present.

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