Water-induced melting generates magma in which of the following tectonic setting
ID: 117774 • Letter: W
Question
Water-induced melting generates magma in which of the following tectonic settings?
mantle plumes
mid-ocean ridges
transform faults
subduction zones
1 points
QUESTION 2
Marble's protolith is a(n) __________.
limestone
granite
sandstone
shale
1 points
QUESTION 3
The presence of water will __________ the melting temperature of a rock.
increase
decrease
raise
none of the above
1 points
QUESTION 4
The __________ is (are) characterized by terrane accretion that has been active throughout most of Mesozoic and Cenozoic time.
Western margin of Africa
Southern margins of India and Australia
Western margin of North America
Western margin of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1 points
QUESTION 5
In California, deposits of serpentine can be associated with __________.
gold
chromite
abestos
iron
1 points
QUESTION 6
A terrane created by an oceanic volcanic arc accreted to a continental margin would be composed __________.
Of folded, quartz sandstone and shallow water, marine limestone
Exclusively of granite plutons and rhyolite tuffs (hard volcanic rock composed of compacted volcanic ash)
Mainly of oceanic arc lava flows and coral limestone
Mainly of organic-rich, black shales and beach-type sandstones
1 points
QUESTION 7
The process whereby continents grow as a results of continental collisions is called __________.
differentiation
assimilation
crustal builup
accretion
crustal growth
1 points
QUESTION 8
The geology of Northwest California is characterized by __________.
Old metamorphic rocks
Old sedimentary rocks
Serpentinized ultramafic rocks
All of the above
1 points
QUESTION 9
The region's deep canyons were carved by __________.
Rivers
Glaciers
Wind
Mud slides
1 points
QUESTION 10
An island volcanic arc forms when there is __________ convergence.
ocean-continent
ocean-ocean
continent-continent
none of the above
1 points
QUESTION 11
A terrane is primarily __________.
A fragment of crustal material formed on (or broken off from) one tectonic plate
A fragment of mantle material formed on (or broken off from) one tectonic plate
A piece of mantle transported laterally and accreted to another plate's crust
A very large piece of crustal material accreted to another plate's crust
1 points
QUESTION 12
Which of the following is not part of an ophiolite suite?
basaltic dikes
granitic plutons
deep-sea sediments
massive gabbros
1 points
QUESTION 13
Many minerals useful to our industrial civilization can be found associated with __________.
black smokers
seamounts
coral reefs
volcanic islands
trenches
1 points
QUESTION 14
The Klamath mountains are divided in sub-ranges.
True
False
1 points
QUESTION 15
The rocks that built the eastern Klamath Mountains are primarily (from) __________.
Oceanic volcanic arcs
Continental volcanic arcs
Shallow marine sedimentary rocks
Granite
Non-marine (i.e., terrestrial) sedimentary rocks
1 points
QUESTION 16
The ore forming process of __________ occurs as hydrothermal minerals settle out of seawater.
mineralization
precipitation
residue formation
crystal settling
crystallization
1 points
QUESTION 17
Which of the following best describes the geology of the Northwest California?
An earlier, continental margin broke apart and the geologically similar fragments were tectonically reassembled
Geologically different, microcontinent-sized fragments and terranes, formed elsewhere, were tectonically accreted to North America
A massive subcontinent of old igneous and metamorphic rocks (similar to India) was accreted during late Proterozoic time
Tightly folded, continental shelf strata were squeezed between North America and the convergent, Bering-Siberian subcontinent
1 points
QUESTION 18
Marble is a(n) __________ rock.
igneous
metamorphic
sedimentary
none of the above
1 points
QUESTION 19
Through geologic time, continents have drifted over the surface of Earth, but how has the size of each continent changed?
Continents are as large now as they have been in the past
Continents were smaller in the past and each has grown to its present size
Their size has not changed from the time they originally formed
Some continents have grown, some have shrunk
Just like the origin of reversals seen in Earth's magnetic field, this is still a very much debated question in Earth Science
1 points
QUESTION 20
An ophiolite is a(n) __________.
Remnant of oceanic plate
Remnant of continental plate
Remnant of oceanic sediment
Remnant of old mountains
1 points
QUESTION 21
A rock dated to 150 Ma is how old?
150 years
15,000 years
1,500,000 years
150,000,000 years
1 points
QUESTION 22
Which of the following igneous rocks has the same chemical composition as basalt?
rhyolite
granite
peridodite
gabbro
1 points
QUESTION 23
During the accretion of terranes, the mantlelic (e.g., from the mantle) rock peridodite is metamorphosed into __________.
serpentine
granite
quartz
high-pressure peridodite
olivine
1 points
QUESTION 24
Minerals found on the seabed at or near hydrothermal vents are mostly __________.
gems
metal sulfides
carbonates
silicates
all of the above
1 points
QUESTION 25
Which of the following geologic events occurred most recently?
collision of Laurasia and Gondwana to form Pangea
faulting of the Basin and Range province
accretion of the Klamath Mountains
initial rifting (opening) of the Atlantic ocean
1 points
QUESTION 26
At the close of the Paleozoic, eastern North America was attached to what is now __________.
Europe and Asia
China and South America
India and Antarctica
Africa and China
Europe and Africa
1 points
QUESTION 27
A good example of a present-day, passive continental margin is the __________.
north flank of the East Pacific Rise
west coast of South America
east coast of North America
west coast of North America
1 points
QUESTION 28
Limestone reefs and salt deposits are important rocks in the reconstruction of Earth history because they __________.
can be used to infer the ancient climate of the Earth; they are deposited in environments that are restricted to warm climate
automatically provide age information; all such deposits occurred between 200 and 400 million years ago
are deposited in warm climates today, but there is good reason to think that they were deposited in cold climates millions of years ago
pinpoint the locations of old subduction zones
1 points
QUESTION 29
Which of the following geologic principles is a direct result of gravity?
Baked contacts
Inclusions
Cross-cutting relationships
Original horizontality
1 points
QUESTION 30
A formation is the process by which sedimentary rocks come into existence.
True
False
1 points
mantle plumes
mid-ocean ridges
transform faults
subduction zones
Explanation / Answer
QUESTION 1
Water-induced melting generates magma in which of the following tectonic settings?
mantle plumes
mid-ocean ridges
transform faults
subduction zones
QUESTION 2
Marble's protolith is a(n) __________.
limestone
granite
sandstone
shale
QUESTION 3
The presence of water will __________ the melting temperature of a rock.
increase
decrease
raise
none of the above
QUESTION 4
The __________ is (are) characterized by terrane accretion that has been active throughout most of Mesozoic and Cenozoic time.
Western margin of Africa
Southern margins of India and Australia
Western margin of North America
Western margin of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
QUESTION 5
In California, deposits of serpentine can be associated with __________.
gold
chromite
abestos
iron
QUESTION 6
A terrane created by an oceanic volcanic arc accreted to a continental margin would be composed __________.
Of folded, quartz sandstone and shallow water, marine limestone
Exclusively of granite plutons and rhyolite tuffs (hard volcanic rock composed of compacted volcanic ash)
Mainly of oceanic arc lava flows and coral limestone
Mainly of organic-rich, black shales and beach-type sandstones
QUESTION 7
The process whereby continents grow as a results of continental collisions is called __________.
differentiation
assimilation
crustal builup
accretion
crustal growth
QUESTION 8
The geology of Northwest California is characterized by __________.
Old metamorphic rocks
Old sedimentary rocks
Serpentinized ultramafic rocks
All of the above
QUESTION 9
The region's deep canyons were carved by __________.
Rivers
Glaciers
Wind
Mud slides
QUESTION 10
An island volcanic arc forms when there is __________ convergence.
ocean-continent
ocean-ocean
continent-continent
none of the above
QUESTION 11
A terrane is primarily __________.
A fragment of crustal material formed on (or broken off from) one tectonic plate
A fragment of mantle material formed on (or broken off from) one tectonic plate
A piece of mantle transported laterally and accreted to another plate's crust
A very large piece of crustal material accreted to another plate's crust
QUESTION 12
Which of the following is not part of an ophiolite suite?
basaltic dikes
granitic plutons
deep-sea sediments
massive gabbros
A – An Ophiolite suite comprises of deep-sea marine sediments overlying, pillow basalts, sheeted dikes, gabbro, dunite, and peridotite.
QUESTION 13
Many minerals useful to our industrial civilization can be found associated with __________.
black smokers
seamounts
coral reefs
volcanic islands
Trenches
A – Black smokers are rich in Iron, Copper, Zinc, and various other sulphide assemblages.
QUESTION 14
The Klamath mountains are divided in sub-ranges.
True
A – Many subranges are associated with Klamath mountains – Trinity Alps is one such subrange.
QUESTION 15
The rocks that built the eastern Klamath Mountains are primarily (from) __________.
Oceanic volcanic arcs
Continental volcanic arcs
Shallow marine sedimentary rocks
Granite
Non-marine (i.e., terrestrial) sedimentary rocks
QUESTION 16
The ore forming process of __________ occurs as hydrothermal minerals settle out of seawater.
mineralization
precipitation
residue formation
crystal settling
crystallization
A- Hydrothermal mineral deposits are formed by the precipitation of solids from hot mineral-laden water or hydrothermal solution. The mineral deposits are precipitated from the solution.
QUESTION 17
Which of the following best describes the geology of the Northwest California?
An earlier, continental margin broke apart and the geologically similar fragments were tectonically reassembled
Geologically different, microcontinent-sized fragments and terranes, formed elsewhere, were tectonically accreted to North America
A massive subcontinent of old igneous and metamorphic rocks (similar to India) was accreted during late Proterozoic time
Tightly folded, continental shelf strata were squeezed between North America and the convergent, Bering-Siberian subcontinent
QUESTION 18
Marble is a(n) __________ rock.
igneous
metamorphic
sedimentary
none of the above
A – Marble is a metamorphic equivalent of Limestone (sedimentary rock)
QUESTION 19
Through geologic time, continents have drifted over the surface of Earth, but how has the size of each continent changed?
Continents are as large now as they have been in the past
Continents were smaller in the past and each has grown to its present size
Their size has not changed from the time they originally formed
Some continents have grown, some have shrunk
Just like the origin of reversals seen in Earth's magnetic field, this is still a very much debated question in Earth Science
A – Continents grow and shrink along their edges by accumulation of terrestrial sediments, collision of two continents and the consequent accretion (Growth of Asia due to addition of India around 16 mya) or subduction.
QUESTION 20
An ophiolite is a(n) __________.
Remnant of oceanic plate
Remnant of continental plate
Remnant of oceanic sediment
Remnant of old mountains
Ophiolites are remnants of oceanic plate that have been thrusted or obducted onto the edge of continental plates.
QUESTION 21
A rock dated to 150 Ma is how old?
150 years
15,000 years
1,500,000 years
150,000,000 years
QUESTION 22
Which of the following igneous rocks has the same chemical composition as basalt?
rhyolite
granite
peridodite
gabbro
Gabbro is the plutonic equivalent of basalt which is inturn a volcanic equivalent of Gabbro.
QUESTION 23
During the accretion of terranes, the mantlelic (e.g., from the mantle) rock peridodite is metamorphosed into __________.
serpentine
granite
quartz
high-pressure peridodite
olivine
QUESTION 24
Minerals found on the seabed at or near hydrothermal vents are mostly __________.
gems
metal sulfides
carbonates
silicates
all of the above
A – On the seabed – Gems (due to density segregation) , Carbonates (Carbonaceous ooze – Globogerina, Pteropods etc), Silicates (Siliceous ooze – Diatoms, Radiolarians)
Near Hydrothermal vents – Especially Black smokers = Metal Suphides
QUESTION 25
Which of the following geologic events occurred most recently?
collision of Laurasia and Gondwana to form Pangea
faulting of the Basin and Range province
accretion of the Klamath Mountains
initial rifting (opening) of the Atlantic ocean
Laurasia + Gondwana = Pangaea = around 200 mya
Basin & Range faulting – Early Miocene – 17mya
Accretion of Klamath Mountains – mid- Jurassic to early Cretaceous – 155 – 145 mya
Initial rifting of Atlantic - around 200 mya
QUESTION 26
At the close of the Paleozoic, eastern North America was attached to what is now __________.
Europe and Asia
China and South America
India and Antarctica
Africa and China
Europe and Africa
A – Eastern North America formed a part of a continuous landmass during Paleozoic. It was known as Pangaea. By late Paleozoic, the landmass was disintegrated into two, Angaraland and Gondwanaland. Eastern North America, Europe and Asia Belonged to Angaraland or Laurasia whereas the remaining continents formed Gondwanaland.
QUESTION 27
A good example of a present-day, passive continental margin is the __________.
north flank of the East Pacific Rise
west coast of South America
east coast of North America
west coast of North America
Passive continental margins develop along coastlines that are not tectonically active. Much of the Atlantic Ocean coastline is a Passive margin. The remaining ones belong to Active Margins.
QUESTION 28
Limestone reefs and salt deposits are important rocks in the reconstruction of Earth history because they __________.
can be used to infer the ancient climate of the Earth; they are deposited in environments that are restricted to warm climate
automatically provide age information; all such deposits occurred between 200 and 400 million years ago
are deposited in warm climates today, but there is good reason to think that they were deposited in cold climates millions of years ago
pinpoint the locations of old subduction zones
Limestone reefs can be used to infer ancient climates. Use of O218 values from fossilized shells can be used for this purpose. Salt deposits are mainly deposited in a desiccating environment where evaporation exceeds precipitation. Hence it is restricted to warm climates.
QUESTION 29
Which of the following geologic principles is a direct result of gravity?
Baked contacts
Inclusions
Cross-cutting relationships
Original horizontality
A – Original Horizontality - The Principle of Original Horizontality as proposed by Nicholas Steno in 1646 AD, states that the sedimentary layers are originally deposited horizontally UNDER THE ACTION OF GRAVITY.
Baked contacts and Cross-cutting relationships are formed due to magmatic actions which are mostly against the action of gravity. Whereas Inclusions are also formed by magmatic action which again is mostly against the action of gravity. However, the segregation of inclusions based on their varying densities, in the magmatic fluid is based on gravity and the temperature of crystallization. In this particular question, however, ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY is the best option.
QUESTION 30
A formation is the process by which sedimentary rocks come into existence.
False
A FORMATION is a sedimentary layer (zone) which is formed through deposition and consolidation of sediments. Example – Banded Iron Formations of Quebec, Canada
mantle plumes
mid-ocean ridges
transform faults
subduction zones
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