Epidemiologists study the associations between risk factors and disease. Since t

Question

Epidemiologists study the associations between risk factors and disease. Since the findings from observational studies fail to establish causation, a criteria for supporting causality has been proposed. In judging an association as supporting an interpretation of causation, which one of the following refutes an interpretation of causation? a) An risk or protective odds ratio that is statistically significant b) Increase in risk factor exposure is associated with changes the observed risk c) Findings conflict with the known biology of the outcome d)The risk factor is associated with only one and only one outcome

Explanation / Answer

The following refutes an interpretation of causation;

c) Findings conflict with the known biology of the outcome

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