List and explain each of the steps in the scientific method in the context of th

Question

List and explain each of the steps in the scientific method in the context of the following situation. You do not have to resolve the question; just explain the steps for resolving the question:

It is well known that objects expand when heated. An iron plate will get slightly larger when put in a hot oven. Suppose an iron plate has a hole cut in the center. Will the hole get larger or smaller when the plate is heated and expansion occurs?

Recognize a question or puzzle

Make an educated guess

Predict consequences of the hypothesis

Perform experiments or make calculations to test the predictions

Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the three main ingredients: hypothesis, predicted effects, and experimental findings

Answer the following questions:

Compare Aristotle's concept of inertia with the ideas of Galileo and Newton. In making your comparison, state the concept as each interpreted it (in your own words) and give the similarities and differences.

If a baseball rolls across the ground and comes to a stop, how would Aristotle, Galileo, and Newton interpret the behavior of the ball?

Answer the following questions:

Explain mechanical equilibrium.

If a book rests motionless on a table, what forces are acting on it?

What is the net force on the book?

How would the magnitude of the forces change if a second book of equal weight was placed on top of the first book?

A 50 kilogram student stands in an elevator. How much force does she exert on the elevator floor if:

The elevator is stationary?

The elevator accelerates upward at 1 meter per second squared (m/s2)?

Distinguish between speed, velocity, and acceleration. Explain the quantities in terms of "freely falling" objects.

Answer the following questions:

How long would it take for an object dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa (height 54.6 meters) to hit the ground?

How fast was the object traveling at the moment of impact?

Construct a table of values of velocity and total distance fallen at the end of each half-second during the first 5 seconds for a stone at rest dropped from a very tall building. Include columns for time, velocity, and total distance.

A parachute dropped from a 30 meter-high cliff falls with a constant velocity of 1.5 meters per second. Twenty-two seconds later a stone is dropped from the cliff.

How long does it take for the parachute to hit the ground?

How long does it take for the stone to hit the ground?

Which one will hit the ground first and why?

Galileo used inclined planes to investigate "free fall." Why did he do that instead of experimenting with velocity by dropping objects?

Explain the following terms:

linear motion

constant velocity

accelerated motion

Explanation / Answer

1)  

Larger if the metal is in the form of a disk, and also larger if the hole is in the form of a cylinder. You do not specify the shape other to say it is infinitely large sheet, not whether flat or curved in some manner. In the case of the disk, consider the hole to be exactly as big as the diameter of 1 atom and the thickness of the sheet to be also 1 atom. Then, consider as the metal heats, the average distance between all atoms gets larger, which makes the atoms adjacent to the hole move outwards from the center, making the hole slightly larger than 1 atom diameter as the closest ring of atoms surrounding the hole move slightly further apart and still remain in the plane. In the case of a cylinder, it could be infinitely long with a finite diameter, and in this case, as the atoms average distance apart increases, so does the diameter of the cylinder. I have no definitive source for this... this is just what I THINK would happen... For a practical demonstration, think of a barrel hoop or a wagon wheel. A metal band is heated, put over the barrel staves or the wagon wheel circumference and as it cools, it compresses the barrel or wagon wheel. This is more like my analogy of a cylinder, but if you shrink the width of the hoop to a single atom instead of a couple of inches and extend that single atom thickness to infinity, then it fits your question. The diameter of the hole in the sheet of metal gets larger when the sheet is heated.

It may seem counterintuitive, but the hole should grow bigger. The distance between atoms grows at the hole perimeter, and the atoms outside the perimeter also have room to expand outward. The distance between atoms grows everywhere. Since the distance between atoms at the hole perimeter grows, and the number of atoms does not change, the circumference should grow. Hence the width of the hole (proportional to the circumference) also grows.

If the hole size is much larger than the interatomic distance, this is the only stable solution, since pushing atoms inward would crowd them together (not favored at higher temperature).

The "wiggly ring of atoms" solution is also unstable, and eventually becomes a larger ring of atoms, corresponding to a larger hole size.

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2) Aristotle believed that the laws governing the motion of the heavens were a different set of laws than those that governed motion on the earth. As we have seen, Galileo's concept of inertia was quite contrary to Aristotle's ideas of motion: in Galileo's dynamics the arrow (with very small frictional forces) continued to fly through the air because of the law of inertia, while a block of wood on a table stopped sliding once the applied force was removed because of frictional forces that Aristotle had failed to analyze correctly.

In addition, Galileo's extensive telescopic observations of the heavens made it more and more plausible that they were not made from a perfect, unchanging substance. In particular, Galileo's observational confirmation of the Copernican hypothesis suggested that the Earth was just another planet, so maybe it was made from the same material as the other planets.

Thus, the groundwork was laid by Galileo (and to a lesser extent by others like Kepler and Copernicus) to overthrow the physics of Aristotle, in addition to his astronomy. It fell to Isaac Newton to bring these threads together and to demonstrate that the laws that governed the heavens were the same laws that governed motion on the surface of the Earth.

3)question : If a baseball rolls across the ground and comes to a stop, how would Aristotle, Galileo, and Newton interpret the behavior of the ball?

ANSWER:   There is an outside force that is stopped the ball .

4)

MECHANICAL EQUILIBRIUM

the state of rest or balance due to equal action of two opposite forces.
- the equal balance of any powers

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