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Connect MHE eBook- Inquiry into X wconnect.mheducation.com/flow/connect.html ?returnUrls https%3A%2F%2Fconnect.mheducation.c divorce nment Saved Tissue culture Explore the process of tissue culture in plants by completing each sentence. totipotent is the growth of tissue in an artificial liquid or solid culture medium. Electrophoresis Plant cells are considered which means that each somatic piant ceill can develop into an entire plant calus protoplasts In order to start the process of creating an embryo from somatic cels are produced by removing the cell wall from adult plant cels multipotent The cell walls regenerate cel division resumes and an undiferentiated mass develops called a Tissue culture Somatic emoryos form from the callus which then develop into th at will groy into aduit plants plantlets seeds 10 ?Prav 0 to search

Explanation / Answer

1. Tissue culture

2. Totipotent

3. Protoplasts

4. Callus

5. Plantlets

Plant tissue culture relies on the fact that many plant cells have the ability to regenerate a whole plant (totipotency). Single cells, plant cells without cell walls (protoplasts), pieces of leaves, stems or roots can often be used to generate a new plant on culture media given the required nutrients and plant hormones.

Techniques

Preparation of plant tissue for tissue culture is performed under aseptic conditions under HEPA filtered air provided by a laminar flow cabinet. Thereafter, the tissue is grown in sterile containers, such as petri dishes or flasks in a growth room with controlled temperature and light intensity. Living plant materials from the environment are naturally contaminated on their surfaces (and sometimes interiors) with microorganisms, so their surfaces are sterilized in chemical solutions (usually alcohol and sodium or calcium  hypochlorite) before suitable samples (known as explants) are taken. The sterile explants are then usually placed on the surface of a sterile solid culture medium, but are sometimes placed directly into a sterile liquid medium, particularly when cell suspension cultures are desired. Solid and liquid media are generally composed of inorganic salts plus a few organic nutrients, vitamins and plant hormones. Solid media are prepared from liquid media with the addition of a gelling agent, usually purified agar.

The composition of the medium, particularly the plant hormones and the nitrogen source (nitrate versus ammonium salts or amino acids) have profound effects on the morphology of the tissues that grow from the initial explant. For example, an excess of auxin will often result in a proliferation of roots, while an excess of cytokinin may yield shoots. A balance of both auxin and cytokinin will often produce an unorganised growth of cells, or callus, but the morphology of the outgrowth will depend on the plant species as well as the medium composition. As cultures grow, pieces are typically sliced off and subcultured onto new media to allow for growth or to alter the morphology of the culture. The skill and experience of the tissue culturist are important in judging which pieces to culture and which to discard.

As shoots emerge from a culture, they may be sliced off and rooted with auxin to produce plantlets which, when mature, can be transferred to potting soil for further growth in the greenhouse as normal plants

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