Chapter 10 Sensory Physiology What are the differences between conscious and unc

Question

Chapter 10

Sensory Physiology What are the differences between conscious and unconscious sensory information?

What is a sensation?

What is the difference between internal and an external sensory information?

What is the function of each of the following components of the sensory system?

Stimulus Receptor  

What are the structures and functions of each of the following types of receptors: Simple Complex Specialized non-neural receptor cells Identify each of the following Compare the distribution of sensory receptors of the somatic senses and the special senses. Identify each of the following receptor types as belonging to the somatic or special senses: Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Photoreceptors Thermoreceptors Nociceptors Compare the following with regards to the origin of the stimuli: Exteroceptors Interoceptors or visceroceptors Proprioceptors Identify and discuss each of the following in the transduction of sensory information: Ionotropic receptors Metabotropic receptors Adequate stimulus Threshold stimulus What is a receptor potential? What are its characteristics? How is an action potential stimulated in an afferent sensory neuron? What is a receptive field? What is the difference between a primary receptive field and a secondary receptive field? Discuss the impact of the size of primary receptive fields, overlap of primary receptive fields, and convergence of pathways on the two point discrimination or acuity tests. What is the difference between unconscious and conscious integration? What is a perceptual threshold? How does habituation impact the likelihood of perception? What is sensory coding? How is each of the following involved in sensory coding? Sensory modality & submodalities Labeled line coding Explain how the brain is able to localize a stimulus. How is this illustrated in phantom limb pain? How does interaural time difference assist in localization of sounds? How do lateral inhibition with axoaxonic inhibition and population coding assist in the localization of a stimulus? Explain why the strength of an action potential cannot be used to determine the strength of a stimulus. How is population coding used to determine intensity? Do all sensory receptors respond to the same level of stimulus? How does this assist in population coding? How is frequency coding used in the determination of stimulus intensity? What determines the duration of transduction of a stimulus? How does each of the following help to determine the duration of a stimulus? Receptor adaptation Tonic receptor slow adaptation Phasic receptor rapid adaptation Where would you find a first order neuron? A second order neuron? A third order neuron? What is the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway? Where is the first order neuron? The second order neuron? The third order neuron? Where does decussation occur? What somatic sensations are carried by the lateral spinothalamic pathway? By the anterior spinothalamic pathway? What is the dorsal or posterior column pathway? Where is the first order neuron? The second order neuron? The third order neuron? Where does decussation occur? What somatic sensations are carried by the dorsal or posterior column pathway? Be able to determine how a specific spinal cord lesion would affect anesthesia of a body region. What is the CNS destination for somatic senses? For special senses (visual, auditory, vestibular, gustation, & olfactory senses)? Identify the location and modalities associated with somatic senses. Be able to associate the appropriate receptor type with the appropriate modality. Touch & pressure Posture & movement Temperature Pain Why are some thermoreceptors considered polymodal? How can some thermoreceptors also respond to chemicals? Why are pain and itch considered sensations and not true stimuli? What is the neurotransmitter of nociceptors? Explain how the withdrawal reflex associated with a painful stimulus differs from a perceived painful stimulus. What type of pain perception is each of the following pain fibers associated with? What is the physical structure of each and how does it relate to the transmission of the AP associated with each? A-beta A-delta C fibers Why is itch associated with the immune system? How might each of the following be involved in the modulation of pain? Emotion, memory, &suggestion (placebo effect) Hyperalgesia Analgesia Endogenous opioid Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation Explain the gate control theory of pain modulation. How is each of the following fiber types involved? Inhibitory interneuron C fiber A-beta fiber Which ion is associated with deep muscle pain? Define referred pain. How and why does referred somatic pain serve as an identifier for visceral pain? How are odors (olfaction) detected and transduced? Be able to trace the neural pathway of olfaction from the nasal epithelium to the olfactory cortex. What other factors can affect olfaction? How is taste (gestation) detected and transduced? What are the submodalities of taste? What are the 4 cell types of the taste buds? What are their functions? What are some of the other factors detected in the mouth but NOT actual taste? What other factors can affect taste? Be able to trace the neural pathway of gestation from the taste buds to the taste cortex. Be able to explain each of the following components of audition: Frequency or pitch Loudness Stereocilia Kinocilium Outer, middle, and inner ear How does each of the following impact the detection, transduction, and localization of sound? Organ of Corti Basilar membrane Tectorial membrane Stereocilia & kinocilium Interaural time difference Be able to trace the neural pathway of audition from the Organ of Corti to the auditory cortex. What is conductive, sensorineural, and central hearing loss? How does each of the following affect the mechanics of hearing? Tympanic membrane damage Otosclerosis Hair cell damage Nerve damage Be able to explain the function each of the following components of balance: Semicircular canals & endolymph, cupula & stereocilia & kinocilium Vestibule, otoliths & stereocilia & kinocilium In equilibrium, how does the stimulation of semicircular canals one side of the head differ from the stimulation on the other side of the head? How does the neural pathway of balance differ from the neural pathway of sound? What is nystagmus? How is it related to the reflexive control of extraocular eye muscles and the organs of equilibrium? What is positional alcohol nystagmus? What causes the difference between PAN I & PAN II? What are vertigo, motion sickness, & Miniere’s disease? How does each affect balance? Be able to explain each of the following components or problems of vision: Refraction Accommodation Presbyopia Cataracts Myopia Hyperopia Astigmatism Glaucoma Macular degeneration Red-green color blindness Explain how the eye changes for far and for near accommodation. Explain how the size of the iris is regulated. What are the characteristics and function of rods? Of cones? How does each of the following impact the detection and transduction of light? Rods & cones Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Accessory horizontal and amacrine cells Explain the on- and off-pathways of function of bipolar cells and their associated ganglion cells. Be able to identify the various visual fields: Binocular Monocular Nasal fields Temporal fields Be able to trace the neural pathway of vision from the retina to the visual cortex. Be able to determine the effect on vision due to a cut in each of the following locations: Optic nerve Optic chiasma (midsaggital cut) Optic tract

Explanation / Answer

Sensory Physiology What are the differences between conscious and unconscious sensory information?

Ans: Our conscious senses take note of the surrounding and helps us to understand the world. With our conscious mind, we make decisions, acknowledge the happening around, we focus on targets.

But, with our subconscious, we have unlimited array of activities that can be done. The principles and belief we have are controlled by our subconscious mind. The memories is another one of the biggest example of the subconscious / unconscious mind. The gut instinct, the feelings we have, the emotions we show everyday is all a part of unconscious mind.

Consciousness is easily accessible while the other one is not. Unconsciousness continues to change the way we behave. The pain, emotions, anxiety are all a part of the unconscious sensory mind.

What is a sensation?

Ans: Sensation is detecting stimuli from both outside and inside the body (External and internal). It can also be referred as perception.

For eg. Eyes detecting different colours in the surrounding.

              Ear grasping onto the soundwaves produced.

                Heat we feel on touching a hot cup of coffee.

What is the function of each of the following components of the sensory system?

Stimulus Receptor

Ans: there are different types of stimulus receptor. I hope you were looking for this answer. Stimulus receptor, generally receptor respond to extern stimuli and convert it into a signal and then take it to the sensory nerve. These receptors help in detecting the light (photoreceptor), sound (auditory receptor), taste, touch. Stimulus receptor complete innumerable function in the body. During hearing, mechanoreceptors in hair cells of the inner ear detect vibrations conducted from the eardrum.

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