Please help me, I am deeply confused in this class and trying so hard to underst

Question

Please help me, I am deeply confused in this class and trying so hard to understand. Please give detailed answers. I know some of these might be confusing but your help will really help me learn. The teacher requires very very detailed answers and he gives nearly no (and I mean literally nearly zero) partial credit so I'm dying here. Thank you sooooooo much, you have no idea.

Also, I am nearly leaglly blind and I am dyslexic so if you could please write clear it would help so much. I just want to learn like everyone else. SUPER SUPER THANK YOU.

Note: The central dogma referred to below is this:

Explanation / Answer

6A. 1. Telomerase is an RNA dependent DNA synthesizing enzyme. It helps in linear replication in eukaryotes.

2. Technically, it violates the central dogma since DNA is traditionally thought to be replicated using DNA as a template. The exception of central dogma gene flow is the discovery of reverse transcriptase telomerase which transcribe RNA into DNA. Telomerase makes DNA using RNA as a template . So now the gene flow is : RNA - DNA- RNA- Protein which is completely opposite of central dogma.

3. Telomerase in DNA replication reverses shortening of telomere . It allows each offspring to replace the lost bit of DNA allowing the cell line to divide without ever reaching the limit and so telomerase is only allowef to express to those cells which need regular division such as sperm cells and embryonic stem cells. During cancerous growth telomerase is highly expressed.

6B.

1. Tetracyclines are protein synthesis inhibitors, inhibit the binding of amino acyl - tRNA to the mRNA- ribosomal complex. They do so by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex.

2. As a result mRNA decoding into ribosome will be disrupted and protein synthesis will stop.

6C.

1.Tetracycline binds to the 30s subunit of prokaryotes but it cannot bind or stop the protein synthesis in eukaryotes.

2. Moreover tetracycline does not accumulates in human cells.

6D.

1. Tetracycline binds to the 30s subunit of ribosome which is made up of a 1540 nucleotide RNA( the 16s rRNA) and 21 proteins.

2. As a result , it prevents the amino acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome.

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