E. Clean Up Return prepared slides to the correct trays on the counter. Place us
ID: 136047 • Letter: E
Question
E. Clean Up Return prepared slides to the correct trays on the counter. Place used cover slips into the broken glass receptacle. Place slides upon which you made wet mounts into the bleach solution in the fume hood. We don't want to accidentally release any live organisms to local ecosystems. Properly put away microscopes . Clean your bench tops and tuck in your chair. F. General Questions (2 pts) A. Of the many organelles and subcellular structures discussed in lecture and in your textbook, list all of the organelles and structures you have actually seen today (NOT just inferred are there). Provide two reasons for why you weren't able to see all of the other organelles and structures today that you know are in many of these cells. B.Explanation / Answer
These cell organelles and sub structures are seen -:
An organelle is a membrane bound structure which is found within a cell. Cells have membranes to hold everything in, these mini-organs are also bound in a double layer of phospholipids to insulate into their little compartments within the larger cells. Organelles as smaller rooms within the factory, with specialized conditions to help these rooms carry out their specific task. These organelles are found in the cytoplasm, a viscous liquid found within the cell membrane that houses the oranelles and is the location of most of the action happening in the cell. these are as follows-
Nucleus-:
DNA has the blueprints for every protein in our body, all packaged into a neat double helix. The processes to transform DNA into proteins are known as transcription and translation, and happen in different compartments within the cell.
1.The first step, transcription, happens in the nucleus, which holds our DNA.
2. A membrane called the nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus, and its job is to create a room within the cell.
3. This membrane is actually a set of two lipid bilayers
4.The space between the two bilayers is known as the perinuclear space.
Though part of the function of the nucleus is to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell. Proteins channels known as nuclear pores form holes in the nuclear envelope. The nucleus itself is filled with liquid (called nucleoplasm) and is similar in structure and function to cytoplasm.
A nucleus has interesting implications for how a cell responds to its environment.
Nucleolus
Within the nucleus is a small subspace known as the nucleolus. It is not bound by a membrane, so it is not an organelle. This space forms near the part of DNA with instructions for making ribosomes, the molecules they are responsible for making proteins. Ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic means inside the cytoplasm . Reticulum comes from the Latin word for net.Endoplasmic reticulum is a plasma membrane found inside the cell that folds in on itself to create an internal space known as the lumen. This lumen is actually continuous with the perinuclear space, so we know the endoplasmic reticulum is attached to the nuclear envelope. There are actually two different endoplasmic reticuli in a cell: the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is so-called because its surface is studded with ribosomes, the molecules in charge of protein production. When a ribosome finds a specific RNA segment, that are segmented may tell the ribosome to travel to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and embed itself. The protein created from this segment will find itself inside the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the nuclear envelope, and looks like a series of canals near the nucleus. Proteins made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum as destined to either be a part of a membrane.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes lipids and steroids, instead of being involved in protein synthesis. These are fat-based molecules that are important in energy storage, membrane structure, and communication (steroids can act as hormones). The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is also responsible for detoxifying the cell. It is more tubular than the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It has a larger amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi apparatus
We mentioned the Golgi apparatus earlier when we discussed the production of proteins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. If the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula are how we make our product, the Golgi is the mailroom that sends our product to customers . It is responsible for packing proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum into membrane-bound vesicles (tiny compartments of lipid bilayer that store molecules) which then translocate to the cell membrane. At the cell membrane, the vesicles can fuse with the larger lipid bilayer, causing the vesicle contents to either become part of the cell membrane or be released to the outside.
Different molecules actually have different fates upon entering the Golgi. This determination is done by tagging the proteins with special sugar molecules that act as a shipping label for the protein. The shipping department identifies the molecule and sets it on one of 4 paths:
Lysosome
The lysosome is the cell’s recycling center. These organelles are spheres full of enzymes ready to hydrolyze (chop up the chemical bonds of) whatever substance crosses the membrane, so the cell can reuse the raw material. These are disposal enzymes only function properly in environments with a pH of 5, two orders of magnitude are more acidic than the cell’s internal pH of 7. Lysosomal proteins only being active in an acidic environment acts as safety mechanism for the rest of the .
Mitochondria
Just like a factory can’t run without electricity, a cell can’t run without energy. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell, and is produced in a process known as cellular respiration.The process begins in the cytoplasm.
There are actually two lipid bilayers that separate the mitochondrial contents from the cytoplasm. We refer to them as the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. If we cross both membranes we end up in the matrix, where pyruvate is sent after it is created from the breakdown of glucose (this is step 1 of cellular respiration, known as glycolysis).The space between the two membranes is called the intermembrane space, and it has a low pH (is acidic) because the electron transport chain embedded in the inner membrane pumps protons (H+) into it. Energy to make ATP comes from protons moving back into the matrix down their gradient from the intermembrane space.
Mitochondria are also somewhat unique in that they are self-replicating and have their own DNA, almost as if they were a completely separate
cell. The prevailing theory, known as the endosymbiotic theory, is that eukaryotes were first formed by large prokaryotic cells engulfing smaller cells that looked a lot like mitochondria. They are engulfed cells remained intact and the arrangement turned out to be advantageous to both cells, which created a symbiotic relationship.
Microtubules
Microtubules are small tubes made from the protein tubulin. These tubules are found in cilia and flagella, structures involved in cell movement. They also help provide pathways for secretory vesicles to move through the cell,
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