Write a paper (1,250-1,750 words) describing the approach to care of cancer. In

Question

Write a paper (1,250-1,750 words) describing the approach to care of cancer. In addition, include the following in your paper:

Describe the diagnosis and staging of cancer.

Describe at least three complications of cancer, the side effects of treatment, and methods to lessen physical and psychological effects.

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Explanation / Answer

About cancer:

Cancer is a second leading cause of death among US population..There are different types of cancer due to abnormal growth of cells..This cancerous cells that grow out of control and enter into other tissue through the blood stream or lymph vessels..if cancer not treated in time it can lead to death.. There are different causes for cancer like genetic factors,lifestyle factors(smoking,alcohol,tobacco,diet,physical activity and infection like HPV,HIV,exposure to chemicals and radiation..This cancer can be reduced among society through life style modification and screening.

Approach to care of cancer:

There are imaging studies to identify location,size or metastasis..it includes X-rays,CT scans,MRI,Positron emission tomography(PET),lab test include blood,urine and other body fluids test..cancer diagnosis mostly done by cell or tissue sample for pathology study by Biopsy..Tissue sample taken by fine needle biopsy,core needle Biopsy,excisional or incisional biopsy,endoscopic biopsy and skin biopsy,,

Type of Cancer can be identify through microscopic examination with routine processing and staining but additional test needed like immunohistochemical(IHC),electron microscopy,flow cytometers,cyto genetic and polymerase chain reaction.. staging grading classification of tumor cells determines the degree of anaplasia.Treatment mostly done by staging of the tumor..staging shows the site and spread of tumor in individual..sstaging consider tumor size,extend of local growth,lymph node and organ involvement,and presence of distant metastasis..

International TNM staging system usually used for cancer staging..T_tumor,N_lymph nodes,M_metastasis..There are numaric value used next to this letters to tell about size,extended degree of metastasis..

TX means tumor is not measurable

T0 means no primary tumor found

Tis means carcinoma in situ

T1-4 means size and extend of the primary tumor

Nx means regional lymph node can not evaluated..

N0 mean no lymph nodes

N1-3 means distant metastasis can not be evaluated,

M0 means no distant metastasis

M1 means distant metastasis is present..

Most of the cancer assessed by TNM system.. particular staging can vary with tumor in different organ system like breast cancer..tre treatm process can be start as per staging of the cancer..

Complications:

There are physical and psychological complication..

Pain:. Physical complication like pain can be related to disease or treatment or procedure..pain may involve due to direct pressure,obstruction,invasion of metastatic cells into organ or bone,tissue destruction and inflammation..pain can reduced by administration of analgesics..

Bone marrow aspiration:. It leads to anemia,leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.the causes can be invasion and destruction of blood forming cells in the bone marrow,poor nutrition and chemotherapeutic drugs..

Leukopenia:

It refers to reduction in WBC in circulation..it can make patient to get infection soon leads to poor prognosis and patient have symptoms like chills,fever,cough or diarrhea..

Signs and symptoms:

_Bleeding such as bruises,hematuria

_nausea and vomiting

_breathlessness,insomnia

_fever,weakness

_Tachycardia,shortness of breath

_Sore throat,hair loss

_leg cramps,changes in mood or thinking

_Weight loss,dehydration,dry mouth..

Physical and psychological treatment:

Physical support like therapies can be given as per patient state,site and metastasis of cancer.. To relieve pain analgesics can be given..surgery,chemotherapy,radiation therapy,immune therapy and hormone therapy..when patient receiving treatment for cancer they will have side effects also same time..

Palliative treatment include medication,nutritional support,relaxation technique,emotional support,counselling and psychotherapy can provide to patient to promote sense of hope,strength and wellness..

Treat the symptoms like pain,nausea,breathlessness,insomnia and other physical issues..

Be sure with diagnosis and treatment process.. provide support for the patient emotional and social needs,spiritual needs and concerns,

Provide support for caregivers and family members and connect your support with spiritual side through prayer and meditation..

Provide physical and rehabilitation therapy like gentle exercise during treatment to help heal faster..

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