Week 2 (Chemical Composition of the Body) Essay Questions Answer ALL questions i
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Week 2 (Chemical Composition of the Body) Essay Questions Answer ALL questions in the space provided (where it says" ". Click on that text, and it will be replaced by your answer when you start typing). Then save this document in your computer and submit via the dropbox for grading. Be sure to retain a copy of your answers in your computer until the end of the term 1. Describe the characteristics of a lipid, and discuss the different subcategories of lipids. 2. Explain, in terms of hydrolysis reaction and dehydration synthesis, how disaccharides and monosaccharides are interconverted and how triglycerides can be formed and broken down. 3. Describe, and account for the different levels of protein structure. How can proteins serve functions that are so diverse? 4. Describe the structure of DNA, and explain the law of complementary base pairing. 5. List the types of RNA, and explain how the structure of RNA differs from the structure of DNA.Explanation / Answer
1. Lipids are insoluble in water except phospholipid that is partly soluble. It has long chain fatty acids in its structure. Lipid stores high energy and is digested by a water soluble enzyme called lipase. Lipids are in classified in many categories: Phospholipid, steroids, triglycerides, waxes, phenolic lipid, glycolipid, lipoproteins.
2. Monosaccharides are converted into disaccharides due to dehydration. When two monosaccharides are covalently bonded together, a water molecule is released. On hydrolysis of disaccharides, the monosaccharides are formed, and a water molecule is required to form two monosaccharides from disaccharides.
Dehydration synthesis occurs when triglycerides are formed because the covalent bonds between fatty acid and glycerol release three water molecules and when triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acid it requires three molecule of water.
3. Different levels of proteins structure are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Primary structure of the protein is the amino acid sequence. Secondary structure of protein is the specific shape protein due to hydrogen bonding between the amino group and oxygen. Tertiary structure of protein is the folding of the polypeptide chain into a three-dimensional complex. This happens by chemical interactions between R groups in amino acids. Quaternary structure is the bonding of two or more polypeptides.
Proteins have great structural diversity which makes them to serve a variety of functions than other types of molecules present in the body.
4. DNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotide bases and deoxyribose sugar that contains the genetic code. The law of complementary base pairing refers to the pairing of nitrogenous bases in a specific manner: purines pair with pyrimidines. More specifically, adenine must always pair with thymine, and guanine must always pair with cytosine.
5. There are three types of RNA found in cytoplasm: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
RNA has ribose as the pentose sugar while DNA has deoxyribose as the pentose sugar. RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded. RNA has uracil as a nitrogenous base instead of thymine that is present in DNA. RNA is participates in genetic regulation whereas DNA contains the genetic code and genome of the individual.
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