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9. As of 2015, the world population is 7.244 billion and recent reports suggest

ID: 140814 • Letter: 9

Question

9. As of 2015, the world population is 7.244 billion and recent reports suggest humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes and at least 8% of these genes have multiple alleles. Based on the data you have collected using [http://scienceprimer.com/punnett-square-calculatorl, would you expect there to be individuals that have identical genotypes (outside of identical twins)? How about identical phenotypes, could there be someone in the world that is phenotypically identical to you? Please explain your answer.

Explanation / Answer

No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins are not completely identical though they develop from the same embryo.These differences are due to the difference in mutation rates in 2 twins and later when they are born their phenotypes are also not identical due to differences in the environmental factors which paly a major role in ascertaining a phenotype. As of 2015, the typical difference between the genomes of two individuals was estimated at 20 million base pairs and as of 2017, there are a total of 324 million known variants from the human genome.

Crossing over, recombination events and independent assortment at the time of cell division are responsible for the variations in the genotypes of the human population.

The concept of phenotypic plasticity defines the degree to which an organism's phenotype is determined by its genotype. High phenotypic plasticity means that environmental factors have a strong influence on the particular phenotype that develops and low phenotypic plasticity means that genotype is solely responsible for deciding an individual's phenotype and environmental factors play a little or no role in it. Thus few individuals can share similar phenotypes which are determined by the same entwining between their genotypes and environmental factors.

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