Case Study 2: Cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death i

Question

Case Study 2:

Cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, causing an estimated 438,000 deaths—or about 1 out of every 5 smokers—each year (National Cancer Institute, 2008).

Mr. Amos is 57 years old and has been smoking for the past 30 years of his life. A recent doctor's visit revealed that Mr. Amos has stage 3 lung cancer, characterized by his symptoms of nagging chest pain, fatigue, coughing up blood, substantial weight loss, and increased carbon dioxide levels in his blood. The doctor informed Mr. Amos that had he quit his smoking habit several years ago, he would have reduced his risk for developing lung cancer later in life. Mr. Amos immediately began treatment for the lung cancer that had metastasized to his lymph nodes.

Answer the following questions regarding this case study:

What main components in cigarettes affect the respiratory system? Explain their effects on specific organs, cells, and processes in the respiratory system.

There are alternate mechanisms of transporting carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) in the blood. Explain how smoking might lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Can smoking affect other organ systems of the body? Give specific examples, and briefly explain your answer.

Follow these guidelines for your paper:

Utilize at least 2 credible sources to support the arguments presented in the paper. Make sure you cite them appropriately within your paper, and list the references in APA format on your Reference page.

Your paper should be 2–3 pages in length, not counting the Title page, Abstract, and Reference page. In accordance with APA formatting requirements, it should be double-spaced and include a running head and page numbers.

Explanation / Answer

The main component in cigarettes affects the respiratory system.

tobacco leaf used in the cigarettes when burnt the smoker will be exposed to a number of chemicals approx 4,000. the components present in the cigarettes are in the form of particulate which results in the formation of tar.

the toxins present in the cigarettes mainstream smoke are less as compare to sidestream smoke the concentration is higher.

Nicotine is absorbed more rapidly as compared to the particulate phase because it is present in the gas phase of cigarette smoke.

Effect of smoking cigarette

smoke damage bronchi, bronchioles, terminal alveoli and immune system too.

In the upper airway of respiratory tract mucous gland hypertrophy and cilia loss occur, epithelial changes, inflammation and because of loss of gas exchange surface area alveoli destroyed.

It also causes inflammation of cells of bronchia which lead to a precancerous condition and prebronchial fibrosis.

The person who smoke increased overall cell counts like more eosinophils and neutrophils but fewer lymphocytes.

the concentration of IgM and IgE also increases.

smoking leads to an increase in CO2 level in the blood

the who smokes a lot or smokes a pack of cigarette /day will normally have 20ppm of CO

the level of co2 increase in blood because of tobacco increase CO content in our blood. so when CO enter the blood with the help of lungs reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen

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