Can someone help me answer these questions. 1. Outline the important differences

Question

Can someone help me answer these questions.

1. Outline the important differences between using primary cell cultures and established cell lines to study cell function.

2. Briefly describe how activation of the “intrinsic” pathway of apoptosis leads to caspase activation and programmed cell death.

3. Explain what is meant by asymmetric cell division of stem cells and describe briefly its importance and the mechanisms by which it occurs.

4. Describe the main stages of the eukaryote cell cycle.

5. Briefly explain the importance of chondrocytes in osteoblast formation in the skeleton.

6. What role does the sealing zone have in the osteoclast?

7. Explain how the regulation of bone mass is affected by RANK-L secretion by osteocytes.

8. What physical stimuli are thought to initiate osteocyte mechanotransduction?

9. Outline why cells have a membrane potential and how the membrane can have electrical capacitance.

10.Briefly describe how ion channel function in the cell membrane can be measured in real time.

Explanation / Answer

Primary cells have a finite lifespan. After a certain period of time in culture, they will die. While as an immortalized or established cell line has acquired the ability to proliferate indefinitely.

Primary cell cultures are harsh, requiring optimized growth conditions, and addition of specific cytokines and growth factors for propagation in serum-free or low-serum growth media, which is absolutely different from established cell lines.

Primary cells retain the natural feature of the tissue where they had been isolated. Immortalized cell lines, on the other hand, are often transformed with other inducible modifications, which may alter the outcome of experiments.

2..Apoptosis is programmed cell death, characterized by nuclear DNA fragmentation, shrinkage of the cytoplasm and nucleus, and phagocytosis of the remnants of the dead cell. Apoptosis is regulated by internal and external signals that regulate the activation of procaspases, cysteine proteases that are activated by proteolytic cleavage. Once activated, these caspases activate other caspases in a cascade and degrade key cellular proteins.

3.Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a property of stem cells that gives rise to two daughter cells with different developmental fates: one daughter will differentiate along a specific lineage, whereas the other cell has the potential to renew stem cell identity and continue to divide in an asymmetric manner . The ability of cells to divide asymmetrically to produce two different cell types provides the cellular diversity found in every multicellular organism

Cells can also undergo asymmetric cell division, which produces two different cells

Both cells can be different from the mother cell

One cell can be identical to the mother cell in aprocess called stem cell renewal

Stem cells can divide by asymmetric divisionand produce a progenitor cell A progenitor cell can give rise to a verylimited number of cells A stem cell can give rise to other cellsand can divide an unlimited number oftimes Stem cells Embryonic stem cells can be maintained in culture and can form differentiated cell types .Asymmetric cell division is employed in a variety of developmental contexts and is also important when stem cells divide to produce both a daughter cell committed to differentiate and another daughter stem cell for self-renewal. ... Asymmetric cell division also requires proper orientation of the mitotic spindle.

4.There are four main stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle. There’s M, G1, G2, and S. The M is the phase where mitosis occurs and is most often closely followed by cytokinesis. The S phase is when the replication of the DNA occurs. The G1 and G2 phases are equally as important but simply just less exciting. They are concerned thetwo phases of growth, or the gap phases. During the first gap, G1, the cell grows andcontinues to its normal functions. During G2, there is additional growth for the call. During S, the DNA replicates and copies itself. During M, Mitosis, the cell nucleus divides and the cell cytoplasm divides. There’s also a small G0 phase. During the G0phase, the cell stays where it's at. It's an extended phase of the G1 phase where the cell doesn't divide or even prepare to divide. It's content with where it's at and stays the same. The G0 phase serves simply as a resting phase for the cell. Usually multinucleated muscles cells are the cells that don't go through mitosis and stay in the G0 phase. Cells usually stay in this phase until there's an actual reason for them to divide. Not all cells that enter the G0 phase die, there are some that are destined to die along with the organism, and there are some that enter semi-permanently.

6.Osteoclasts form a specialized cell-matrix adhesion structure, known as the "sealing zone", during bone resorption. The sealing zone is a dynamic actin-rich structure that defines the resorption area of the bone. The detailed dynamics and fine structure of the sealing zone have been elusive. Osteoclasts plated on glass do not form a sealing zone, but generate a separate supra-molecular structure called the "podosome belt". Podosomes are integrin-based adhesion complexes involved in matrix adhesion, cell migration, matrix degradation, and mechanosensing.

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