1. According to Piaget, what is a scheme? Why is it important? What is Piaget\'s
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1. According to Piaget, what is a scheme? Why is it important? What is Piaget's first stage of cognitive development called? When does it end? In Piagetian terms, what is assimilation? How is it related to schemes? How is it different than accommodation? 2. What is object permanence? Habituation? Dishabituation? Infinite generativity? 3. What is the language error called 'overextension'? Underextension? 4. Language - phonology, morphology, syntax, morpheme, phoneme, semantics, pragmatics, infinite generativity. What do each of these mean? Examples? 5. What is child-directed speech? 6. Name and describe the two types of memory discussed in infancy. 7. What are some ways that preverbal infants communicate? 8. What two parts of the brain are associated with language in humans and what is each responsible for?Explanation / Answer
1. Schemes are the basic units of knowledge that help us in creating a mental representation of the world by organising the knowledge present around us.
Scheme is important to us in several ways , a child by ways of the existing schemes learns how to respond in a particular situation. It helps us to tackle complex situations by storing the earlier situations and experiences applying them when needed.
Piaget's first law of cognitive development describes the nature of knowledge, the process of acquiring knowledge constructing ans using it.
Assimilation is the process of dealing with a new object by using the existing scheme.
It relates to the schemes since the existing and previous schemes help the person to deal with the current. new object.
Accomodation is the process of adjusting and modification of the existing scheme when it is not working in dealing the new situation. The existing schemes need to be modified or refined for that particular situation.
2)Object permanence is the possesionof a tendency by the child that the objects he is seeing are permanent and still existing even if it is hidden since the mental representation needs to be created in his mind.
Habituation- it is a form of learning in which due to repeated actions or encounter the person has lost the innate response to the stimuli and stopped resonding to that particular stimulus.
Dishabituation- it is the restoration of the innate response to a particular known stimulus in a pronounced manner.
Infinite generativity- it is the ability to generate infinite number of sentences even after using limited number of word with limited vocabulary.
3) Overextension- it is the tendency of a child to apply words to a broader sense. Such as daddy they used to refer to many mens around them.
Underextension is the inability of a child not to apply a word in broader sense or to other objects. He is highly restricted and had a narrow sense.
4) Language it is a systematic way of expression of one's thought or feelings . It consist of development, acquisition and use of complex systems to communicate.
phonology- it is defined as the systematic representation of the speech sounds. It deals with sound formation and their use in language
morphololgy- It deals with the grammatical forms, shapes changes when different suffixes or prfeixes are added.
syntax- it is the set of instruction or rules using which the sentences are created to build a language.
morpheme- a grammatical unit of language , it has no meaning when used alone unlike the words which have a free meaning.
phoneme- units of sound in any language which are distinct from each other and which provides distinctive characteristic to any particular language.
semantics it is the branch which deals with the philosophical study of meaning such as signs and phrases which are used in a language.
pragmatics it is the barnch which deals with the use of language in different contexts. It defines how the meaning of a word or sentence depends on the manner and the timing and lace of utterance.
5. Child directed speech- it is the speech used with by parents and caretakers to communicate with the child or infants. It includes very simplified vocabulary, slow tempo.
6. Types of memory during infancy- short term memory
7)Proverbal infant communication involves sounds, facial expression, body movements and different kinds of gestures.
8) Parts of brain associated with language in human the left hemisphere of the brain where the broca's area is involved in formation of speech.
Wernicke's area deals with the comprehension of language , it is located between auditory and visual cortex of brain.
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