Identify: can someone help identify these please: 1. dependent variable (with un

Question

Identify:

can someone help identify these please:

1. dependent variable (with units)

2. Independent variable (with units)

3. Sample unit (“individuals” sampled)

4. Sample frame (how “individuals” picked)

5 number of sample units sampled (total)

6 “representative” asurances

7 analysis used for main question

Abstract BACKGROUND: Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne infection in some temperate regions of the Northem Hemisphere. However, for most areas of endemic disease reliable epidemiologic data are sparse METHODS: Over a one-year period, we conducted a prospective, population-based survey of cases of Lyme disease in southen Sweden. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the presence of erythema migrans at least 5 cm in diameter or characteristic clinical manifestations such as arthritis, neuroborreliosis, and carditis. RESULTS: We identified 1471 patients with Lyme disease, for an overall annual incidence of 69 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The incidence varied markedly according to geographic region, and there were several areas where disease was widely prevalent. The incidence varied according to age, with the highest rates among people 5 to 9 and 60 to 74 years of age, but not according to sex. The most frequent clinical manifestation was erythema migrans (seen in 77 percent of all cases), followed by neuroborreliosis (16 percent) and arthritis (7 percent). Carditis was rare. A preceding tick bite was reported by 79 percent of the patients. Bites in the head and neck region were more common among children than among adults and were associated with an increased risk of neuroborreliosis. CONCLUSIONS: Lyme disease is very common in southern Sweden, with a relatively high frequency of neurologic complications and arthritis. With the exception of the low incidence of carditis, the pattern of disease we found in Sweden was similar to that reported in the United States.

Explanation / Answer

1. The dependent variable in this study is the number of patients with Lyme Disease, it is dependent, since it is mentioned that it varies according to age and geographical area.

2. The independent variable in this study is the number of individuals in different groups (groups made for age and geographical area), since the number of patients with the  Lyme Disease is dependent on these groups.

3. Sample unit over here, is any individual of the population who have been studied.  

4. Sample frame- The individuals were picked up according to the geographical area, sex and age. The incidence of the disease according to this three parameters were studied.

5. number of sample units are- two (the Diseased individuals and the healthy individuals)

6. Representative assurances are study of such small groups which assures to show the data of the whole population even if when the whole population has not been studied. Here, such assurance could be to study a population where the disease is quite common i.e a population of Southern Sweden

7. the analysis used was to approach the individuals and ask them whether they have the symptoms of Lyme disease. It was found where incidence of Lyme disease is high whether it varies according to age or sex or not and whether all the symptoms of the disease are experienced by all the diseased individuals or not. At first, the mean and the standard deviation has to be calculated.

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