help please in questions 1 and 2 1. In one paragraph, what are the strengths and

Question

help please in questions 1 and 2

1. In one paragraph, what are the strengths and weaknesses of the approach the authors used? How well did they apply the principles of good study design? What alternatives do you see for the weaknesses?

2. Now, design an experimental study that would address the same question. (Hint: K. I. S. S. applies here—Keep It Simple, Students!) Assume you have money, space, and an ethical license to do invasive work on living things, but you can’t do the impossible (e.g., send blue whales to space). As before, give a one-paragraph description of the approach.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne infection in some temperate regions of the Northem Hemisphere. However, for most areas of endemic disease reliable epidemiologic data are sparse METHODS: Over a one-year period, we conducted a prospective, population-based survey of cases of Lyme disease in southen Sweden. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the presence of erythema migrans at least 5 cm in diameter or characteristic clinical manifestations such as arthritis, neuroborreliosis, and carditis. RESULTS: We identified 1471 patients with Lyme disease, for an overall annual incidence of 69 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The incidence varied markedly according to geographic region, and there were several areas where disease was widely prevalent. The incidence varied according to age, with the highest rates among people 5 to 9 and 60 to 74 years of age, but not according to sex. The most frequent clinical manifestation was erythema migrans (seen in 77 percent of all cases), followed by neuroborreliosis (16 percent) and arthritis (7 percent). Carditis was rare. A preceding tick bite was reported by 79 percent of the patients. Bites in the head and neck region were more common among children than among adults and were associated with an increased risk of neuroborreliosis. CONCLUSIONS: Lyme disease is very common in southern Sweden, with a relatively high frequency of neurologic complications and arthritis. With the exception of the low incidence of carditis, the pattern of disease we found in Sweden was similar to that reported in the United States.

Explanation / Answer

STRENGTH- The problem the author addresses here is the lack of data for some endemic diseases prevelant in regions of Northern Hemisphere which is an excellent choice for survey as few infectious disease remain unreported but destroys a large number of population. The survey could be helpful in presenting the problem at a bigger platform for taking immediate action towards its prevention and cure.

WEAKNESS- The survey conducted should have also included some strategies to combact or report sickness at early stages at both individual and community level. A stastical analyis for the above problem could have also been included in the study.

2. Lyme disease is one of the major prevelant disease in Southern Sweden. A stastical analysis of the population affected with the disease based on age, sex and criticality has been presented here. Lyme disease are known to produce a neurotoxin in blood. The detection of the disease has been taken up through the application of a nanosensor which binds to the genome sequence of bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi responsible for Lyme disease and gives an output upon detection. The blood sample of the inhabitants have been collected and through High throughput screening the sensor were allowed to bind to the bacteria and the results were recorded. The nanosensor has been designed in such a way that it is made specific for the sequence of Borrelia genome. The result is recorded through the attachment of a Fluorescent indicator to the genome of bacteria which fluoresces only upon the binding of bacteria to the sensor.

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