What types of proteins affect and are affected by phosphorylation of the intrace

Question

What types of proteins affect and are affected by phosphorylation of the intracellular loops and C-terminus of the G protein coupled receptor? Which of these is most proximal to the membrane and likely plays a pivotal role in biased signaling?
What types of proteins affect and are affected by phosphorylation of the intracellular loops and C-terminus of the G protein coupled receptor? Which of these is most proximal to the membrane and likely plays a pivotal role in biased signaling?
What types of proteins affect and are affected by phosphorylation of the intracellular loops and C-terminus of the G protein coupled receptor? Which of these is most proximal to the membrane and likely plays a pivotal role in biased signaling?

Explanation / Answer

Proteins act as receptors that bind with other substances and control cell activity. As a part of hormone, proteins can initiate or suppress major cellular activities, such as secretion. A cell uses phosphorylation as a switch to turn protein activity on or off.

For a large set of proteins phosphorylation is tightly associated with protein activity and is a key point of protein function regulation. It regulates protein function and cell signaling by causing conformational changes in the phosphorylated protein. These changes can affect the protein in two ways.

1. Conformational changes regulate the catalytic activity of the protein.Thus a protein can either be activated or inactivated by the phosphorylation.

2. Phosphorylated proteins recruit neighboring proteins that have structurally conserved domains that recognize and bind to phosphomotifs.

Many G protein coupled receptors exert patterns of cell specific signaling and function.

Adapter proteins recognize highly conserved motifs such as those for Src homology 3 , phosphotyrosine - binding and postsynaptic density 95/discs - large / zona occludes docking sequences in candidate GPCRs.

7 transmembrane G protein coupled receptors are often phosphorylated at the C terminus and on intracellular loops in response to various extracellular stimuli. Phosphorylation of GPCRs by GPCR kinases and other kinases can promote the recruitment of arrestin molecules.

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