Verizon LTE 4:38 PM KBack CHAP-4-Journal Questions.docx Chapter 4: Organization

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Verizon LTE 4:38 PM KBack CHAP-4-Journal Questions.docx Chapter 4: Organization and Regulation of Body Systems 1. What are the four primary types of tissues and their basic functions? What are the 4 types of cancer? 2. Describe the cell arrangement and main functions of epithelial tissue. 3. How do you recognize sim ple epithelial tissue? 4. Distinguish between the three types of simple epithelial tissue (squamous, cuboidal and columnar) and give a location for each. 5. Describe pseudostratified epithelial tissue and where it is found. How does smoking affect this tissue? 6. How do you recognize stratified epithelial tissue? Where is stratified squamous found and what is its main function? Name a medical procedure performed on women associated with stratified squamous tissue. 7. Describe how transitional epithelial tissue is unusual, its locations and function. 8. What structure does glandular epithelial tissue form? Name the two basic types of glands, their locations and how are they different. 9. Describe adipose tissue, where is it found and its functions. 10. What is the function of tendons and ligaments? What makes tendons and ligaments so strong? 11. How are bone and cartilage alike in function? What are the 3 types of cartilage and where is each type located in the body? 12. Your thigh bone (femur) is a long bone. Where would you find the compact and spongy bone? Previous Next Dashboard Calendar To Do Notifications Inbox

Explanation / Answer

QUES 1. What are the four primary type of tissues and there basic function ?

What are the 4 type of cancer?

Connective tissue, such as blood and bone, binds and supports other tissues; epithelial tissue, such as skin, covers internal and external body surfaces; muscle tissue creates movement and force; and nervous tissue is the body's means of signaling from one part to another. These four tissue types combine to form organs and other body structures. Loose connective tissue is made up of various types of fibers, such as reticular fibers, elastic fibers and collagenous fibers. Fibrous connective tissue includes tendons and ligaments. Other types of connective tissue include adipose tissue, which stores fat, and cartilage, which supports structures such as the nose and ears.

Epithelial tissue includes not only the outer skin but also internal barriers that protect organs and cavities. These tissues guard organs from microorganisms, injury and loss of fluids, and regulate absorption and secretion.

Muscle tissue is contractile in response to stimulation. It includes cardiac muscle, which is responsible for the heartbeat, skeletal muscle, which creates the body's voluntary movements, and visceral muscle, the smooth muscle in the bladder, digestive tract and arteries.

Nervous tissue

Cells comprising the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are classified as nervous (or neural) tissue. In the central nervous system, neural tissues form the brain and spinal cord. In the peripheral nervous system, neural tissues form the cranial nerves and spinal nerves, inclusive of the motor neurons. It exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli, convert stimuli into impulses and conduct impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers. The basic unit of nervous tissue is the neuron. Neural tissue includes the central nervous system, comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which transmits signals by means of the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves.

Types of cancer

Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases where some of the body’s cells begin to divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues.:

— Carcinoma
— Melanoma
— Sarcoma
— Leukemia
— Lymphoma

Carcinoma

Carcinomas are the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. It starts in cells of the skin or of the tissue lining of organs, such as the breasts, pancreas, and lungs, as well as the tissue lining of glands. As with other forms of cancer, carcinomas are abnormal cells that divide without stopping and may spread to other areas of the body, but they don’t always.

Melanoma

Melanoma typically starts in a certain type of skin cell called melanocytes. These cells make the pigment melanin, which tans/darkens the skin to protect the deeper skin layers from harmful effects of the sun. Most melanoma cells still produce melanin, so the tumors are often brown or black, but it is also, In which case tumors may be pink, tan, or white. Melanomas can develop anywhere, but they are most likely to start in the skin of the torso (back and chest) in men and in the skin of the legs in women. The neck and face are also common melanoma sites. If not detected early, melanoma is much more likely than others to spread to other parts of the body.

Sarcoma

Sarcomas are relatively uncommon and develop in cartilage, bone, and soft tissues such as fat, muscle, fibrous tissues, deep skin tissues, blood vessels, or nerves. Most sarcomas develop in the arms or legs but may also be found in the neck and head area, internal organs, torso, and the back of the abdominal cavity. There are approximately 50 different types of soft tissue sarcomas.

Leukemia

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood. Cancerous blood cells form and crowd out the healthy blood cells in the bone marrow. How quickly this cancer progresses and how the cells replace the normal marrow and blood cells are different with each type of leukemia, which is determined by the type of blood cell that has become cancerous. A patient’s prognosis and treatment depend on the type of blood cell affected and whether the leukemia is acute or chronic. Chemotherapy is a common treatment for leukemia.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma is the name given to a group of blood cancers that develop in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s circulatory system and a vital part of the immune system. There are multiple types, but the two main types are Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Hodgkin Lymphoma is one of the most curable forms of cancer.

Ques 2 CELL ARRANGEMENTAND MAIN FUNCTION OF EPITHILIAL TISSUR

All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of life and all tissues and organs are composed of cells. They are so small that they must be viewed with a microscope. There are different types of cells. Cells can either be eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Plant and animal cells are eukaryotes. Plant cells are generally a square shape while animal cells are usually circular. Plant cells and animal cells have evolved different organelles to perform specific functions. Plant cells have chloroplasts, a cell wall and a central vacuole. Animal cells lack these three organelles. Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food. Plant cells have a cell wall so that they do not burst when the central vacuole fills up with water. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, and lack membrane bound organelles. They are the oldest cells on earth. Bacteria are prokaryotes. Prokaryotes often move using special structures such as flagella or cilia

MAIN FUNCTION OF EPITHILIUM TISSUE

The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration

QUES 3 HOW TO RECOGANIZE SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Here are some basic characteristics of epithelial tissue:

- This tissue is found on body surfaces/coverings such as skin, and lining hollow organs and cavities

- Cells of epithelial tissue are very tightly packed together which leaves no room for blood vessels or nerves to grow in between them

- Epithelial cells are always grounded to a basement membrane, and directly underneath the basement you will find loose connective tissue (areolar)

- There are two ways to name epithelial cells, by the shapes of the cells and by how many layers of cells there are (simple vs stratified)

- Squamous cells are very small and flat

- Cuboidal cells are cube-like in shape

- Columnar cells are very tall and also have a very long nucleus

QUES 4. distinguich between 3 epithial tissue

The Squamous epithelial tissue

It is made of a single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries. They are found in the walls of blood vessels and air sacs of lungs and are involved in functions like forming a diffusion boundary.

The Cuboidal epithelium

is composed of a single layer of cube-like cells. This is commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys and its main functions are secretion and absorption. The epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule of nephron in the kidney has microvilli which helps in absorption.

The Columnar epithelium

IT is composed of a single layer of tall n slender cells. Their nuclei r located the base. Free surface may have microvilli. They are found in lining of stomach and intestine and helps in secretion and absorption. If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on their free surface they are called ciliated epithelium and their functions is to move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium. Mainly present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes.

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