18 ANTHRO 102 PIERCE EXAM x-+ OPIERCE%20EXAM%201.pdf Anthropology 102/Cultural A

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18 ANTHRO 102 PIERCE EXAM x-+ OPIERCE%20EXAM%201.pdf Anthropology 102/Cultural Anthropology | Fall 2018 | Pierce College | Dr. Shepard EXAM 1 THIS IS A "TAKE-HOME" EXAMAND IS WORTH A MAXIMUM OF 75 POINTS SUBMISSION DEADLINE: 8:00 AM on THURSDAY, OCTOBER 4"" (submitted via Canvas) LATE EXAMS WILL NOT, BE ACCERED Please respond to the following question. Your response will be graded based on (1) the clarity of your writing, (2) your inclusion of concepts from our course that relate to the topic of this question, and (3) the accuragy of your coverage of these topics. QUESTION: In what ways has the field of anthropology changed since its development, and how does anthropology today (and in the mid/latc 20h century) differ from anthropological work conducted before 1900? HINT 1: A great answer will explicitly discuss "early" and "recent" anthropology separately in order to provide a reader with a sense of how these two periods of anthropological research differed from one another HINT 2: A great answer to this question will use concepts and/or examples readings and flms we have covered in our course so far, but especially from Chapters 1-2 in our textbook (Pernpectire), The Nacirema" larticle by Minerl, and The Natios larticle by Bourgois). HINT 3: For the purposes of this assignment, imagine that you are writing for an audience/reader who has not taken this course. Be sure to provide sufficient explanation of terms and concepts that your reader can understand your train of thought. This assignment should not exceed 5400 words

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In what ways the field of anthropology changed since its development

Anthropology traces its roots to ancient Greek when a Greek historian, Herodotus, in the 400s BC, first time write the concepts which later become the central to anthropology. Herodotus described the cultures of various peoples of the Persian Empire.

The Arab historian Ibn Khaldun, who lived in the 14th century AD, was another early writer of ideas relevant to anthropology. Khaldun examined the environmental, sociological, psychological, and economic factors that affected the development and the rise and fall of civilizations. Both Khaldun and Herodotus produced remarkably objective, analytic, ethnographic descriptions of the diverse cultures in the Mediterranean world, but they also often used secondhand information.

During the Middle Ages (5th to 15th centuries AD) biblical scholars dominated European thinking on questions of human origins and cultural development. They treated these questions as issues of religious belief and promoted the idea that human existence and all of human diversity were the creations of God.

Beginning in the 15th century, European explorers looking for wealth in new lands provided vivid descriptions of the exotic cultures they encountered on their journeys in Asia, Africa, and what are now the Americas. But these explorers did not respect or know the languages of the peoples with whom they came in contact, and they made brief, unsystematic observations.

The European Age of Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries marked the rise of scientific and rational philosophical thought. Enlightenment thinkers, such as Scottish-born David Hume, John Locke of England, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau of France, wrote a number of humanistic works on the nature of humankind. They based their work on philosophical reason rather than religious authority and asked important anthropological questions. Rousseau, for instance, wrote on the moral qualities of “primitive” societies and about human inequality. But most writers of the Enlightenment also lacked firsthand experience with non-Western cultures.

In the 19th century modern anthropology came into being along with the development and scientific acceptance of theories of biological and cultural evolution. In the early 19th century, a number of scientific observations, especially of unearthed bones and other remains, such as stone tools, indicated that humanity’s past had covered a much greater span of time than that indicated by the Bible.

In 1836 Danish archaeologist Christian Thomsen proposed that three long ages of technology had preceded the present era in Europe. He called these the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. Thomsen's concept of technological ages fit well with the views of Scottish geologist Sir Charles Lyell, who proposed that the earth was much older than previously believed and had changed through many gradual stages.

How does anthropology today differ from anthropological work conducted before 1900?

Emerging as an independent science in the mid-19th cent., anthropology was associated from the beginning with various other emergent sciences, notably biology, geology, linguistics, psychology, and archaeology. Its development is also linked with the philosophical speculations of the Enlightenment about the origins of human society and the sources of myth. A unifying science, anthropology has not lost its connections with any of these branches, but has incorporated all or part of them and often employs their techniques.

Anthropology is divided primarily into physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology focuses basically on the problems of human evolution, including human paleontology and the study of race and of body build or constitution (somatology). It uses the methods of anthropometry, as well as those of genetics, physiology, and ecology. Cultural anthropology includes archaeology, which studies the material remains of prehistoric and extinct cultures; ethnography, the descriptive study of living cultures; ethnology, which utilizes the data furnished by ethnography, the recording of living cultures, and archaeology, to analyze and compare the various cultures of humanity; social anthropology, which evolves broader generalizations based partly on the findings of the other social sciences; and linguistics, the science of language. Applied anthropology is the practical application of anthropological techniques to areas such as industrial relations and minority-group problems. In Europe the term anthropology usually refers to physical anthropology alone.

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