Question 4 If someone would suggest using measurements of head waves to determin

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Question 4 If someone would suggest using measurements of head waves to determine the depth to an interface between a layer of limestone (AZ) on top of shale (AZ), what would your response be and why? Rock Typ e Density Young's Modulus Poisson's Ratio V Vs Vp/Vs Vs as %Yp Shale (AZ) 2.67 Siltstone (CO) 2.50 Limestone (PA)2.71 Limestone (AZ) 2.44 Quartzite (MT) 2.66 2.28 0.120 0.130 0.337 0.170 0.636 0.140 0.040 0.120 0.156 0.180 (m/s) (m/s) 2124 1470 2319 1524152 3633 23191.57 2750 1718 1.60 4965 3274 1.52 2488 1702 146 6922% 65.71% 63.84% 62.47% 65.96% 68.42% Sandstone (WY) 0.060 Slate (MA) 2.67 Schist (MA) 2.70 Schist (CO) 2.70 Gneiss (MA) 2.64 Marble (MD) 2.87 Marble (VT)2.71 0.487 0.544 0.680 0.255 0.115 0.181 0.200 0.146 0.270 0.141 4336 2860 52 4680 2921.60 5290 3239 63 3189 2053 55873136 1.78 3643 2355 1.55 65.96% 6 1.24% 64.38% 56.13% 64.65% 0.343 Granite (MA)2.66 Granite (MA) 2.65 Gabbro (PA)3.05 Diabase (ME) 2.96 Basalt (OR)2.74 Andesite (ID) 2.57 1.45 0.416 0.354 0.727 1.020 0.630 0.540 0.014 0.055 0.096 0.162 0.271 0.220 0.180 3967 2722 .46 3693 2469150 5043 3203 57 6569 3682 1.78 5124 3070 1.67 4776 2984 1.60 996 659 6862% 66.85% 63.51 % 56.05% 59.91% 6247% 66.20% Tuff (OR) Units for Young's modulus are (N/m2) x 1011. Velocities computed from , E, and ,. Values selected from Press (1966, p. 97-173)

Explanation / Answer

Head waves are useful in determining depths to the surface as these are refracted from a source and bear a certain critical angle. Refraction is an important phenomenon which gives ideas about depth as well as material. Refraction occurs only when light passes from one material of a certain density to another material of different density. Head waves are considered the first waves from a seismic impulse which has its origin in a source which is at considerable depth.

Thus, in the above case, head waves can be used to measure the distance between shale and limestone.

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