Prokaryotes: Symbioses: Mussels that live near a deep-sea vent Use the internet

Question

Prokaryotes: Symbioses: Mussels that live near a deep-sea vent

Use the internet to investigate some of the various types of well-known symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the world today. For each of the five examples below, please write a paragraph that explains the relationship and how it works, making sure that you address each of the following four questions:

What prokaryotic species might you find associated in a symbiotic relationship with this eukaryote? Does this prokaryote belong to Bacteria or Archaea?

For some examples, you might not be able to find one specific species. In these cases, provide the smallest group that you can. You should be able to narrow it down more than just "Bacteria" or "Archaea", however.

How do these prokaryotes affect the eukaryote? What benefits do the prokaryotes receive?

Is this a commensalistic, mutualistic or parasitic relationship? Explain.

Is there any broader ecological, environmental, or economic impact to this relationship? In other words, what might happen to these species, to other surrounding species, and/or to human activity if this relationship no longer occurred?

Please provide a link for the example. Be sure to list the link(s) you used to find this information, BUT WRITE YOUR RESPONSE IN YOUR OWN WORDS-- NO PLAGIARISM.

Explanation / Answer

Bacteria E.coli in the human gut---- This is a mutualistic association i.e both the E.coli & the human are benefitted. the environment of the gut helps the E.coli to carry out vital functions of reproduction& growth by the nutrients obtained from the gut. They in turn help human in absorption of nutrients like vit.K &synthesize vit.B like niacin which human body can not synthesize. Some of the E.coli are pathogenic to humans & they cause respiratory tract, urinary tract infections,diarrhoea,neonatal meningitis etc.which may become fatal. When they come out through faecal matter they pollute the water bodies also causing eutrophication. www.reference.com/science/symbiotic-relationship-between-e-coli-humans-26860108823aeb9a#

bacteria Rhizobium leguminoserum in the roots of leguminous plans ------ This association is also mutualistic.The bacteria forms nodules in the roots of leguminous plants and fixes atmospheric nitrogen which the plant can not. The bacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia and the plant uses that ammonia to synthesize amino acids.The plant provides sugar to the bacteria and the bacteria also gets shelter from the plant. This association is utilized by cultivating leguminous plans to incease the fertility of the soil where the bacteria is used as biofertiliser.

https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-ecology-16/microbial-symbioses-196/the-legume-root-nodule-symbiosis-993-7114/

Clostridium tetani bacteria & human------- This is a parasitic relationship. The spores of the bacteria enters the human body through wound. in the anaerobic condition inside, the spores germinate into bacteria. The bacteria produce toxins which prevents release of neurotransmitters. Muscle spasms occur. It may lead to abnormal heart rhythm and in some cases death occurs. Large scale deaths occur from tetanus in case of unimmunized

individuals.

www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/tetanus.html

association of tubeworm and bacteria------- This is a mutualistic association. the tube worm, an annelid leaves in deep sea vent where anoxic conditions present and hydrogen peroxide is present in large amount. the worm does not posses digstive tract and the bacteria is present in a spacialized tissue of the worm. The worm supplies hydrogen sulphide to the bacteria and the bacteria synthesizes organic material & give it to the worm. The worm also supplies nitrate to the bacteria which is used by the bacteria for synthesis of amino acids in their body.

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/cellmicro/prescott/outlines/ch28.mhtml

Lichen ------ This is a mutualistic association of fungus & algae or cyanobacteria. The fungal partner gets nutrients from the cyanobacteria & the alga gets protection from harsh environment & sunlight of high intensity. the lichens help in succession in a bare rock.

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse P
• Subjects

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.