How many \"high energy\" (~) bonds are utilized in activating the fatty acid, by

Question

How many "high energy" (~) bonds are utilized in activating the fatty acid, by etherifying it to coenzyme A? (-) ____ How many times is the b-oxidation pathway repeated during oxidation of a 12-C fatty acid? _____ How many each of NADH ____, FADH_2 ____, and Acetyl CoA _____ are produced, per 12-carbon fatty acid, in the beta-oxidation pathway? Oxidation of each acetyl CoA in Krebs cycle yields 3 NADH and one FADH2 (from succinct), resulting in additional production of _____ NADH and ____ FADH_2. Thus, the yield is a total of ____ NADH and ____FADH_2. In the respiratory chain, approx. 2.5 ATP are produced per NADH (electrons entering ETC via Complex I) and 1.5 ATP per FADH_2 (electrons entering the ETC via coenzyme Q). Thus, from reoxidation of NADH and FADH_2 a total of _____ ATP are produced per 12-C fatty acid. Add to this the ~P bonds of GTP produced in Krebs Cycle (one GTP per acetyl-CoA) for a total of _____ ATP produced. Summing input and output yields a total of _____ ATP or 12-c fatty acid oxidized. Does fat yield more energy than carbohydrate?

Explanation / Answer

1. Two high energy bonds are utilised.ATP is converted to AMP.So two bonds are used.

2.The number of times beta oxidation will be repeated is given by the formula:(Number of carbons / 2) - 1 = 12/2 -1 =6-1 = 5.

3.For 12 C fatty acid;

Number of AcetylCoA formed will be :(Number of carbons / 2) = 12/2 = 6

Number of NADH will be equal to number of FADH2 = Number of acetylcoA formed -1 = 6-1 =5 each

4.Oxidation of each acetyl CoA in Krebs cycle yields 3 NADH and one FADH2 (from succinate), resulting in additional production of 18 NADH and 6 FADH2.

5.Thus, the yield is a total of 23 NADH and 11 FADH2.

6.The answer is 74 ATP are produced per 12C fatty acid.

7.A total of 80 ATP produced.

8.A total of 78 ATP per 12C fatty acid oxidised.

9.Yes, a fat yield more energy than carbohydrate because fats involve more oxidation steps than carbohydrates to convert into carbon dioxide and water.

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