1) A person is genotypically blood type A. However, this individual also does no

Question

1) A person is genotypically blood type A. However, this individual also does not produce the lipid to which N-acetylgalactosamine is added, so the lipid is therefore not expressed on the surface of erythrocytes. This situation is known as the Bombay phenotype. When tested, this person will appear to be blood type
A) A.
B) B.
C) AB.
D) O.

2) Polarized cells are characterized by
A) random orientation within a tissue.
B) a polar flagellum.
C) random orientation within an organ.
D) distinct apical and basolateral sides.
E) both choices B and D

3) Which of the following cell junctions are associated with the proper alignment of intestinal epithelial cells?
A) gap junctions
B) adhesive junctions
C) tight junctions
D) desmosomes
E) all of the above

4) In animal cells, the extracellular matrix plays important roles in all of the following processes except
A) cell division.
B) motility.
C) DNA replication.
D) differentiation.
E) adhesion.

5) A newly defined autoimmune disorder has resulted in an immune response against Type V collagen fibers. As a result, the most likely organ to be targeted in this response would be the
A) skin.
B) heart.
C) lungs.
D) stomach.
E) tongue.

6) Which of the following statements is true regarding cell-cell adhesion?
A) Adhesion is coordinated with many cellular processes except cell survival.
B) Adhesion molecules include plakoglobulin, which cements two cells together.
C) Adherens junctions are exclusive to plant cells.
D) Adhesive junctions are characterized by the attachment of long molecules of hyaluronate.
E) Adhesive junctions are dynamic in response to cellular signals.

7) Which of the following is not associated with adhesive junctions?
A) desmosomes
B) hemidesmosomes
C) plaques
D) connexin
E) cadherins

8) Which of the following is mismatched?
A) IgSF[emdash]chondroitin
B) cadherins?calcium ions
C) selectins?leukocytes
D) cadherins?embryonic development
E) lectins?carbohydrates

9) Which of the following is false with regard to the extracellular matrix?
A) These structures are external to the cell membrane, but are still an integral component of cell function.
B) Extracellular matrices are only found in association with eukaryotic cells.
C) Extracellular matrices play a role in determining the shape of a cell.
D) Bone and cartilage are examples of cells that have specialized extracellular matrices associated with their function.
E) Extracellular matrices play a role in determining the mechanical properties of tissues and organs.

10) Which of the following activities is not associated with cadherins?
A) segregation of cells to specific tissues
B) paracellular transport
C) embryonic development
D) establishment of synaptic connections
E) loss of activity associated with cancer

11) Which of the following components is not associated with the primary cell wall?
A) cellulose microfibrils
B) hemicelluloses
C) pectins
D) glycoproteins
E) lignins


12) Which of the following is the correct order for the synthesis of the plant cell wall, from the outermost layer to the innermost layer?
A) middle lamella; primary cell wall; secondary cell wall; plasma membrane
B) primary cell wall; middle lamella; secondary cell wall; plasma membrane
C) plasma membrane; secondary cell wall; primary cell wall; middle lamella
D) middle lamella; secondary cell wall; primary cell wall; middle lamella
E) primary cell wall; secondary cell wall; plasma membrane; middle lamella

13) You discover a dog suffering from a strange disorder that is due to an autoimmune response against its own cells. Upon further investigation, you find that the cells of various tissues are loosely arranged and do not have characteristic shapes and that the animal is prone to hemorrhage as the result of poor blood clotting. Based on these results, the target of the autoimmune response could be
A) fibronectins.
B) laminins.
C) extensins.
D) pectins.
E) desmotubules.

14) The function of integrin-linked kinase during integrin-based signaling is
A) integrin activation.
B) anchorage-dependent growth.
C) scaffolding protein.
D) cell movement.
E) anchorage-independent growth.

15) A patient is rushed to the emergency room and immediately needs a blood transfusion. The patient is found to have only anti-A antibodies in circulation. The blood type of this individual must be
A) A.
B) B.
C) AB.
D) O.

16) A person with neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in circulation has which of blood type?
A) A
B) B
C) AB
D) O

17) In which of the following organs would you expect to find adhesive junctions in humans?
A) heart muscle
B) skin epithelium
C) uterus
D) both choices A and B
E) choices A, B, and C

18) Which of the following is correctly paired with regard to similarity in function?
A) adhesive junctions-tight junctions
B) desmotubule-gap junction
C) tight junctions-gap junctions
D) plaques-plasmodesmata
E) connexons-desmosomes

19) Paracellular transport is associated with which of the following?
A) adherens junctions
B) integrins
C) desmosomes
D) tight junctions
E) hemidesmosomes

20) You are investigating a clinical disorder in one of your patients. You discover that the patient has an autoimmune disease that targets and destroys fibroblasts. This disorder would most likely affect
A) fiber production by the cells, as occurs with blood clotting.
B) annulus formation.
C) hyluronate production in the joints.
D) collagen production.
E) all of the above

21) Of the proteoglycans associated with the extracellular matrix in vertebrates, which of the following is associated with the lubrication of joints?
A) chondroitin sulfate
B) glucuronate
C) hyaluronate
D) keratan sulfate
E) mucoproteins

22) The protein invasin is associated with
A) Yersinia psuedotuberculosis.
B) the construction of an integrin network in bacteria.
C) plasmodemata.
D) tight-junction ridge formation.
E) lubrication of joints.

23) You are investigating cell localization by targeting the carbohydrates associated with various cell types. Based on this molecule's ability to bind various carbohydrates, which of the following would help determine which carbohydrates are found on the cell surface?
A) cadherins
B) proteoglycans
C) pectins
D) connexins
E) lectins

24) Which of the following is mismatched with regard to similar excellular structures in plant and animal cells?
A) elastins-extensins
B) extracellular matrix-cell wall
C) collagens-cellulose
D) proteoglycans-hemicelluloses
E) fibronectins-pectins

25) Some observations have suggested to researchers that substances associated with the extracellular matrix may be involved in cell migration. This has been observed with the cell marker CD44 on the surface of cancer cells and their ability to be separate from one another and to easily metastasize to other regions of the body. This is most likely due to the interaction of CD44 and
A) chondrotin sulfate.
B) ICAMs.
C) hyaluronate.
D) fibronectins.
E) elastin.

26) Which of the following is not associated with the basal lamina?
A) serves as a structural support
B) allows for movement of some small molecules
C) can influence cell migrations in certain areas of the body
D) contains collagen type IV, proteoglycans, laminins, and entactin
E) contains the most abundant supply of fibronectins.

27) An elderly patient presents with blistering of the skin. You suspect an autoimmune disorder. If your suspicions are correct, the patient's serum should contain antibodies reactive to
A) talin.
B) vinculin.
C) a-actinin.
D) BPAG.
E) actin.

28) In performing research, you treat frog zygotes with antibodies that bind E-cadherin. As a result, you expect
A) the cells to become exclusively muscle tissue.
B) the cells to be loosely associated and abort development.
C) the cells to be loosely associated and develop into a novel strain of frog.
D) the cells to divide uncontrollably.
E) no change with regard to development.


29) Collagens are associated with which of the following types of cellular junctions?
A) gap junctions
B) tight junctions
C) plasmodesmata
D) adhesive junctions
E) none of the above

30) Focal contact is associated with which of the following type of cellular junction?
A) adhesive junction
B) gap junction
C) plasmodesmata
D) tight junctions
E) all of the above

31) The type of cellular junction prominent in the stomach and kidney is the
A) plasmodesmata.
B) gap junction.
C) adhesive junction.
D) tight junction.
E) laminin junction.

32) A type of adhesive junction that is associated with the connection between an epithelial cell and the basal lamella is the
A) hemidesmosome.
B) desmosome.
C) gap junction.
D) plasmodesmata.
E) focal contact.

33) The insoluble layer of aromatic alcohols that are primarily found in woody tissues are the
A) annulus.
B) cadherins.
C) proteoglycans.
D) lignins.
E) pectins.

34) In the extracellular matrix of animal cells, collagen and elastin fibers are embedded with this matrix.
A) glycoaminoglycans
B) proteoglycans
C) pectins
D) lignins
E) both choices A and B

35) The molecule of the extracellular matrix of animal cells that is associated with joint lubrication and friction reduction is
A) glycosaminoglycan.
B) proteoglycan.
C) hyaluronate.
D) pectin.
E) fibronectin.

36) The organ where you would most likely expect to find actin microfilaments continuous with adherens junctions is the
A) liver.
B) stomach.
C) kidney.
D) brain.
E) heart.

37) The plant cell wall network is comprised of all of the following except
A) hyaluronate.
B) cellulose.
C) extensin.
D) hemicellulose.
E) pectin.

38) The primary polysaccharides associated with the plant cell wall are the
A) hemicelluloses.
B) extensins.
C) fibronectins.
D) pectins.
E) both choices A and D

39) A collection of fibrous intracellular attachment proteins is called a(n)
A) annulus.
B) connexon.
C) plaque.
D) tonofilament.
E) both choices C and D

40) The autoimmune response to desmosomes or desmosomal components (not hemidesmosomes) leads to a blistering skin disease known as
A) pemphigus.
B) Ehlers?Danos syndrome.
C) syndecan.
D) junctional epidermolysis bullosa.
E) listeriosis.

Explanation / Answer

Antigens are the structures found on the outside of the erythrocytes are correspond directly with what we would call normal blood types. Type A people have A antigens while O have no antigens. Antibodies are found in the plasma and are defenders against certain RBCs. If you have A antibodies, your blood attacks type A RBCs, thus you have have antibodies that are the opposite of your blood type. So, A people have B antibodies, B have A antibodies, AB have no antibodies, and O have both antibodies. This is why AB is the universal receiver; no cells are attacked because no antibodies are there to do it. This should help on 16 and 17 at least.

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