Question 23 Why are spent fuel rods highly radioactive? What does a cancer slope

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Question 23

Why are spent fuel rods highly radioactive? What does a cancer slope factor represent? 20 additional cancers were observed over course of peoples' lifetime in a population of 10 million. What is the ILCR for that cancer? Is cancer a "chronic" disease outcome, or an "acute" disease outcome, and why? If the ILCR exactly doubles as the dose doubles, does this mean the toxicology model is near no threshold" or "linear with threshold". Why? The dose of carcinogen A to a population is is 1 mg/kg-day. The cancer slope factor is 0.0005 (mg/kg-day) What is the ILCR? Is the above ILCR considered a generally acceptable level of risk? Why/Why not? For the preceding problem, if the population size is 500,000, how many additional cancers will there be over the course of the lifetimes of the people in that population? If you took a million people and bruised their hand each in exactly the same way, is it possible that you would induce a few cases of some kind of cancer by so doing? Why/why not. Let's say you are reading about a study of the effects of hexavalent chromium on the organism daphnia, where the study was exposing the organisms to 1 mg/L for 3 days and observing their ability to swim. Are you reading about a chronic endpoint or an acute endpoint?

Explanation / Answer

Question 23 -

Answer -

Leukemia is a cancer of cells in the bone marrow (the cells which develop into blood cells). Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body. There are many types of cancer which arise from different types of cell. What all cancers have in common is that the cancer cells are abnormal and do not respond to normal control mechanisms. Large numbers of cancer cells build up because they multiply 'out of control', or because they live much longer than normal cells, or both.

With leukemia, the cancerous cells in the bone marrow spill out into the bloodstream. There are several types of leukemia. Most types arise from cells which normally develop into white blood cells. If you develop leukemia it is important to know exactly what type it is. This is because the outlook (prognosis) and treatments vary for the different types.

One of the important symptoms of cancer is -

Excessive bruising or bleeding that doesn't stop :-

Bruises develop when small blood vessels under the skin tear or rupture, most often from a bump or fall. Blood leaks into tissues under the skin and causes the black-and-blue color. Most bruises are not a cause for concern and will go away on their own. But excessive bleeding symptom usually suggests something abnormal happening with the platelets and red blood cells, which can be a sign of leukemia. Over time, leukemia cells crowd out red blood cells and platelets, impairing your blood's ability to carry oxygen and clot. Some types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's disease , leukemia , or multiple myeloma can be the cause for the same.

So, bruise with excessive bleeding will be a symptom of some type of cancer but brusing cannot induce any type of cancer.Its a symptom.

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