select three (3) of the following items of performance and prepare an instructio
ID: 1730449 • Letter: S
Question
select three (3) of the following items of performance and prepare an instructional presentation that explains in depth how to find these different items of performance for ANY jet aircraft.
Available choices:
maximum forward speed in level flight
absolute ceiling
best angle of climb airspeed
angle of climb
best rate of climb airspeed
rate of climb
maximum endurance airspeed
maximum range airspeed
influence of weight on performance
influence of altitude on performance
influence of configuration on performance
*make sure to detail all assumptions, all formulas used, and all steps that were taken, and pay particular attention to the instructional value during your reviews.
Explanation / Answer
Climb PERFORMANCE One of the most important aspects of aircraft performance is the ability to climb.CLIMB starts after take off and it ends when aircraft levels off at the cruising level.ClimbCruise / En-routeDescendApproach & LandingTake-offThe climb phase of a flight starts after take off, when the aircraft reaches a certain height above the ground, and it ends when aircraft levels off at the cruising level.For the first portion of the climb it is more convenient to consider the climb gradient rather then the rate of climb. Climb gradient is the ratio of height gained to distance traveled, and it is expressed in percentage. All instrument departure procedures have the minimum climb gradient specified in the charts. This climb gradient is required to over fly the obstacles in the departure area at a safe altitude defined as minimum obstacle clearance.
When the obstacles are over flown it is more convenient to consider the rate of climb, since the aircraft would normally require to climb at the maximum rate of climb so as to reach the required altitude in the least possible time. Rate of climb is the vertical component of the aircraft’s velocity.
An aircraft can climb only if it can produce excess thrust (thrust minus drag).This excess thrust is needed to overcome drag.For example, if an aircraft is producing 1,000 pounds of thrust and has 700 pounds of drag, it would have 300 pounds of excess thrust available.
An aircraft can climb only if it can produce excess thrust. This excess is the pounds of thrust force being produced beyond that needed to overcome drag. For example, if an aircraft is producing 1,000 pounds of thrust and has 700 pounds of drag, it would have 300 pounds of excess thrust available. In a climb, a component of weight acts rearward along the flight path. The steeper the climb angle, the greater this component. In a steady-state climb, meaning the climb angle is constant and the airspeed is not changing, the forward-acting thrust must equal the rearward-acting forces of drag plus the weight component. The greater the excess thrust, the steeper the possible climb.. To maximize excess thrust, a jet-powered aircraft will climb at a speed where drag is minimum. This is called the best angle of climb speed, abbreviated Vx.
Climb Gradient/Angle of climb
For the first portion of the climb it is more important to consider the climb gradient or angle of climb.Why ??Climb gradient or angle of climb is important to ensure aircraft overfly the obstacles in the departure area at a safe altitude.
It is defined as minimum obstacle clearance
Climb GradientThe climb gradient by definition is the ratio of height gained to the horizontal distance traveled by aircraft.Basically, climb gradient depends on the difference between the thrust and drag (the excess thrust) and the mass of the aircraft.Factors that affect these forces will have affect on the climb gradient.Climb gradient = (THRUST - DRAG) / WEIGHTEXCESS THRUST
Angle of climbThe angle of climb is the angle between height gained to the horizontal distance traveled by aircraft during climb.
Three types of climbThere are three types of climbs – a normal climb, best angle of climb and best rate of climb.A normal climb is a slow, but comfortable (for the passengers!), climb with a low rate of climb and high speed.The best angle climb is the slowest climb, but at a high angle. This is used to clear obstacles at the end of the runway.The best rate climb is a tradeoff between the two – giving best rate of climb and a moderate amount of airspeed.
NORMAL CLIMBNormal climb is performed at an airspeed recommended by the airplane manufacturer.Normal climb speed is generally somewhat higher than the airplane’s best rate of climb.The additional airspeed provides better engine cooling, easier control, and better visibility over the nose. Normal climb is sometimes referred to as “cruise climb.”Complex or high performance airplanes may have a specified cruise climb in addition to normal climb.
Two Airspeed during climb
There are two airspeeds relating to climb performance which are, Vx and Vy.Vx is the indicated airspeed for best angle of climb.Vy is the indicated airspeed for best rate of climb.Best Angle of Climb Speed (Vx)Gain maximum altitude in shortest distanceBest Rate of Climb Speed (VY )Gain maximum altitude in shortest timeBest angle-of climb airspeed (Vx) is considerably lower than best rate of climb (VY ).Vx is slower than Vy.
Best Angle of Climb Speed (Vx)
Best angle of climb airspeed for an airplane is the speed at which the maximum excess thrust is available over that required for level flight.The best angle of climb will result in a steeper climb path, although the airplane will take longer to reach the same altitude than it would at best rate of climb.The best angle of climb, therefore, is used in clearing obstacles after takeoff.Excess thrust is the difference between the total drag of the aircraft, and the thrust output of the powerplant. For a jet aircraft, this speed is very close to the speed at which the total minimum drag occursBest angle of climb (VX) is performed at an airspeed that will enable aircraft achieve best altitude in a specific distanceIt should be noted that, as altitude increases, the speed for best angle of climb increases, and the speed for best rate of climb decreases.The point at which these two speeds meet is the absolute ceiling of the airplane.
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