6. NADH and NADPH are soluble electron carriers. Cell oxidation of fuels such as

Question

6. NADH and NADPH are soluble electron carriers. Cell oxidation of fuels such as, pyruvate and fatty acids occur in the mitochondria matrix whereas the reductive biosynthetic processes such as fatty acid synthesis take place in the cytosol. Based on these observations, in which of the 2 compartments where do you expect to find the highest concentration of each electron carrier? Explain. 7. A pulse-chase" experiment using radioactive "C-labeled carbon sources is carried out on a yeast extract maintained under strictly anaerobic conditions to produce ethanol. The experiment consists of incubating a small amount of l4C- labeled substrate (the pulse) with the yeast extract just long enough for each intermediate in the fermentation pathway to become labeled. The label is then "chased" through the pathway by the addition of excess unlabeled glucose. The chase effectively prevents any further entry of labeled glucose into the pathway. (a) If [1- "Clglucose (glucose labeled at C-1 with "C)is used as a substrate, what is the location of 4C in the product ethanol? Explain (b) Where would Chave to be located in the starting glucose to ensure that all the "Cactivity is liberated as "CO during fermentation to ethanol Explain 8. Glycolysis Shortcut Suppose you discovered a mutant yeast whose glycolytic pathway was shorter because of the presence of a new enzyme catalyzing the reaction NAD NADH H Glyceraldehyde 3P Hizo Phosphogiyerate Would shortening the glycolytic pathway in this way benefit or harm the cell? Explain. What will be the effect of this mutation in a cell undergoing aerobic metabolism? Explain. 9. The transformation of glucose to lactate in myocytes releases only about 7% of the free energy released when glucose is completely oxidized to CO, and H2O. Does this mean that anaerobic glycolysis in muscle is a wasteful use of glucose? Explain

Explanation / Answer

QUESTION 6

COMPARAMENTS

1,INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE

2MITOCHONDRIAL MATRX

An electron transport chain (ETC) is a progression of intensifies that exchange electrons from electron benefactors to electron acceptors by means of redox (both diminishment and oxidation happening at the same time) responses, and couples this electron exchange with the exchange of protons (H+ particles) over a layer. This makes an electrochemical proton slope that drives the amalgamation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an atom that stores vitality artificially as exceedingly strained bonds. The particles of the chain incorporate peptides, chemicals (which are proteins or protein buildings), and others. The last acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain amid high-impact breath is atomic oxygen in spite of the fact that an assortment of acceptors other than oxygen, for example, sulfate exist in anaerobic breath.

NADH.

NADH is created in the network by the responses of pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase,-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and malate dehyrogenase. The electron transport tie starts withreoxidizing NADH to shape NAD+ and directing the electrons into the development of diminished coenzymes.Important to note that NADH exchanges 2 electrons at once as a hydride.

NAD+ + 2e-+ H+ NADH Eo' = 0.315 V

In eukaryotes, NADH is the most vital electron giver. The related electron transport chain is

NADH Complex I Q Complex III cytochrome c Complex IV O2 where Complexes I, III and IV are proton pumps, while Q and cytochrome c are versatile electron bearers. The electron acceptor is atomic oxygen.

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