1. State-level data on seasonal influenza are general, qualitative reports from

Question

1. State-level data on seasonal influenza are general, qualitative reports from state and territorial epidemiologists, summarizing weekly influenza activity, rather than specific numbers of infections. (Points: 1)
True
False


2. Viral testing evidence indicates that an adult infected with seasonal influenza will shed the virus for approximately one week after the onset of illness, after which time they will no longer test positive. (Points: 1)
True
False


3. Avian influenza viruses bind to respiratory cells, while human influenza viruses bind to intestinal cells. (Points: 1)
True
False


4. Avian influenza has been reported in domestic felines (cats). (Points: 1)
True
False


5. Two classes of antivirals which are available for influenza are adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors. Currently, resistance appears to be an increasing problem for the adamantanes, but not the neuraminidase inhibitors. (Points: 1)
True
False


6. Mutations in neuraminidase may lead to drug resistance to oseltamivir and zanamivir, because these drugs are neuraminidase inhibitors. (Points: 1)
True
False


7. Which of the following statements is not true of seasonal influenza surveillance? (Points: 1)
The World Health Organization coordinates the submission of viruses from the U.S., the UK, Australia, and Asia for testing. Results are used in formulating annual influenza vaccines.
State-specific estimates of the number of deaths from influenza are a routine component of the CDC's influenza surveillance activity.
In the United States, the CDC compiles, analyzes, and makes a weekly report on data collected from laboratory reports, sentinel healthcare providers, vital statistics, public health researchers, and state health departments.
Influenza-like illnesses are included in seasonal influenza surveillance.


8. Live attenuated influenza vaccine has not been proven to be particularly effective in children. (Points: 1)
True
False


9. Live attenuated influenza vaccine is given as an intramuscular injection. (Points: 1)
True
False


10. Which of the following is not true of influenza vaccines? (Points: 1)
Live attenuated influenza vaccine contains a weakened virus.
Vaccination of healthcare workers has been shown to be highly effective in protecting high-risk patients.
There is some evidence that inactivated vaccine appears to be more effective than live attenuated vaccine in children.
Vaccination has been shown to be beneficial for people below 65 years of age with high-risk medical conditions.


11. The following is an example of host-bacteria-virus cross talk. An imbalance of normal microbial microflora leads to overgrowth of pathogens that produce enzymes which cleave protein. These proteases affect the ability of the influenza virus to enter the host cell and/or alter immune factors. (Points: 1)
True
False


12. Which of the following is not true of influenza viruses? (Points: 1)
All strains of influenza virus are highly pathogenic.
The influenza virus genome contains RNA rather than DNA.
Nutritional factors affect the ability of the influenza virus to cause infection.
The relationship between virus and host depends partially on haemaglutinin present on the viral surface.


13. All influenza A pandemics since the 1918 Spanish flu have been caused by descendants of the H1N1 Spanish flu virus. (Points: 1)
True
False


14. H1N1 viruses no longer readily infect humans. They now exist mainly as porcine (swine) viruses. (Points: 1)
True
False


15. Unique features of the H1N1 Spanish flu virus of 1918 include all but which of the following? (Points: 1)
The disease was exceptionally severe, with deaths estimated to be in the 50 million to 100 million range.
Both humans and swine were infected with the same H1N1 virus during the Spanish flu pandemic.
The 1918 pandemic consisted of three distinct waves in one year's time, with differing mortality rates.
There is strong evidence that the H1N1 virus of 1918 emerged directly from a known avian (bird) virus to become a virus which infected humans.

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