Calibri (Body) U abe X2 X2 A Process of Science Science: Process and Content SCI

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Calibri (Body) U abe X2 X2 A Process of Science Science: Process and Content SCIENCE Ruining Everything Since 1543 The major hallmarks of science are objectivity, skepticism, uncertainty, and repeatability. I Scientists strive to design experiments to address the questions in which they interested while minimizing bias and remaining open to novel and/or unexpected findings. Scientists never say never. They tend to hedge in their explanations. Such statements as "We found a significant correlation between smoking and cancer which may be indicative of causality are typical of scientific papers. Such language does not imply that there is a lack of consensus in the findings of a series of studies but that scientists always remain open to other possible explanations that may arise in the future as techniques and technology improve our abilities to collect data and make observations When you tell a scientist about an interesting fact you heard (i.e. "toads cause wartsl") they will often reply with a noncommittal phrase such as "interesting, let me look that up". That is because scientists are eternal skeptics. They do notaccept what they are told or read immediately but rather take the time to 1) think about the claim 2) research the claim if they are unsure based upon prior knowledge As a biologist, the toad and wart comment is relatively easy to logic out. This is not true since arts in humans are caused by a virus. However the "warts" on toads are not due to a communicable disease but rather are a part of their camouflage. Those bumps allow toads to better blend with their woodland surroundings. Also, while viruses can "jump" across species, it is rare for a virus that infects amphibians to also have the ability to infect mammals. However, toads can excrete toxins from their skin to deter predators so it is best not to handle them or if you do, you should wash your hands afterwards. Another often overlooked aspect of science is repeatability. This issue is frequently ignored until a group of scientists makes a breakthrough that is contingent upon the succes execution of a new technique and/or uncovers a new finding. If other groups attempt to use the same technique and/or find a similar result and are unsuccessful, the breakthrough is called into question and may subsequently be discredited if it can never be replicated.

Explanation / Answer

Ans.1) On the basis of the information given in the article, it is concluded that the scientist are skeptic about new findings and discovering because they only believe in facts not in some imaginary religious things like God. They do believe in supernatural power which in turn common people used to idolize as God. But according to the science fraternity, the God is a source of energy which is continuously transformed from one form to other form and helps us. For them, there is no such thing like, God, Spiritualism As, they only believe in the exact facts and proofs of their existence. They need a theory and hypothesis to believe and understand these things; otherwise everything is just as an assumption. Hence, it is difficult to explain and make them understand about the religion, spiritualism etc.

2) In general terms, if you find any information on internet, it is difficult to say about its legitimacy. But still the fact, information and data given on internet is based on some observation. To check the validation of any scientific information from internet, it is wise to do a lot of secondary research about the same fact from the other websites. Secondary research can be done by reviewing the peer –reviewed scientific literature data.

3) These Hallmarks are markers of science that is being done appropriately. By and large, they portray the basic elements of the logical procedure and highlights that mean we can trust logical results, despite the fact that they are the results of people with the typical individual human failings. Every scientific observation must have included the margin of its error.

4) It is emphasized in this article that the major hallmark of science is uncertainty. According to the scientist nothing is certain, predictable and permanent. Everything present in this universe is intermittent and continuously alters itself.

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