Respond to all of the following questions. Remember to cite material and use you

Question

Respond to all of the following questions. Remember to cite material and use your own words. Do not use quotations.

A.) Choose a disorder involving the endocrine system. Briefly introduce the signs and symptoms, basic pathology, and popular treatment methods. This does not have to be longer than 3 short paragraphs reviewing the information listed above. I would just like students to provide some valuable clinical knowledge not discussed in the book. If you notice some one has already written about a disorder or disease, please choose another topic.  

B) Name two disorders that produce extreme thirst and increase in urination. What test could be performed to distinguish between the two disorders?

C) A pregnant woman that does not receive prenatal care has a very poor diet including a lack of milk consumption. How will this situation affect the woman's parathyroid hormone level?

Explanation / Answer

(A)Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the disorder involved with nonfunctioning of endocrine system. Here females will produce androgen excessively and this androgen will go and interfere with the development process of egg and also their release from female ovaries resulting in infertility.

Females with PCOS will have irregular or no periods, problems in conception or getting pregnant, will show excessive hair growth on face, hands, legs, will put on weight and will have oily skin. When it comes to pathophysiology related with PCOS, as this problem will originate at the time of puberty, girls will experience obesity and excessive ovarian androgen production due hyperinsulinemia condition, will have intrauterine environment, disturbance to hypothalamic-pituitary and ovarian axis will be observed.

As a course of treatment, doctor will advise the patient to undergo weight loss by following low calorie diet and wit regular exercise. To regulate the menstrual cycle, birth control pills having both estrogen and progestin will be given, when the patient wants to conceive, clomiphene (Comid, serophene) will be given as antiestrogen medication in order to help her to ovulate. In some cases metformin is also given. If this does not work, then doctor may go for Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone medications in the form of injection. In some instances they may give Femara based on situation.

(B) Diabetes and Cushing syndrome both will produce extreme thirst and increase in urination. Cushing syndrome occurs when there is high levels of cortisol hormone in our body and this condition will also called hypercortisolism. People will have increased thirst and urination in this condition. This is diagnosed by testing level of cortisol at regular intervals for 24 hours and estimating the level of cortisol and if the level is higher than 50 to 100 mg, then the person has Cushing’s syndrome. In case of diabetes the patient blood is checked for glucose. So using the level of glucose and cortisol we can distinguish them.

(C) During pregnancy women need more calcium as everyday there is be an extra need of 30 mg of calcium. When the pregnant lady consumes sufficient calcium, here parathyroid hormone levels will decrease to low normal levels and will increased at the third trimester showing that calcium is transporting to fetus. These parathyroid hormone receptor protein increases in maternal circulation and also protects the maternal skeleton from bone resorption. If the pregnant lady does not consume milk, the PTH levels will rise indicating lack of calcium.

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