For Questions 13-15, you will see two sentences, and you will be asked to draw a

Question

For Questions 13-15, you will see two sentences, and you will be asked to draw a conclusion by putting these two sentences together. Both sentences are true -that is, we are not asking you to draw conclusions from false sentences. Please answer the question based only on what you can logically conclude from what is stated in the sentences, then choose the one best answer for each question. The body's internal non-specific defense system depends on phagosytosis, where certain tpes of white blood cells ingest pathogens. AND Macrophages are very effective, large, long-living phagocytes. THEREFORE Macrophages are white blood cells Non-specific defenses are very effective All white blood cells ingest pathogens The immune system operates by phagocytizing pathogens Macrophages phagocytize pathogens AND Protein markers on pathogens are called antigens. THEREFORE Antigens make antibodies Macrophages phagocytize antigens Antigens phagocytize macrophages Proteins phagocytize antigens The body has no mature lymphocytes that react against self components-that is, the immune system exhibits self-tolerance. AND Failure of self-tolerance can load to autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. THEREFORE The body has only immature lymphocytes Autoimmune diseases are immune responses to self components Failure to mature lymphocytes can load to multiple sclerosis Matured lymphocytes make the body vulnerable to catching immune diseases

Explanation / Answer

13. Macrophages are white blood cells that engulf and digest micro organisms, cell debris, foreign bodies, etc. They originate from the white blood cells called monocytes that are produced by the stem cells.

So the answer is a. Macrophages are white blood cells.

14. Macrophages phagocytize any substance that don't have the proteins specific to healthy cells on their surface.

Antigen is a molecule that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it.

So the answer is b. Macrophages phagocytize antigens

15. T cells and B cells are known as mature lymphocytes. They are formed when immature cells called lymphoblasts differentiate.

Autoimmunity is cause when the body fails to recognize its own cells. When this happens then the healthy cells in the body get removed by the immune system (T cells and B cells)

So the answer is b. Autoimmune disease are immune response to self components.

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