Can Someone please, put this in lap report form. Your lab report should include

Question

Can Someone please, put this in lap report form.

Your lab report should include the following:

Your name

All of the subsections of the laboratory style sheet

The observation table

The discussion questions

      A conclusion

Laboratory: Enzyme Activity

In this laboratory you will examine factors that affect enzyme activity.

Catalase is an enzyme found in the liver that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. It catalyzes the following reaction:

H2O2 H2O + O2

You will examine two factors that affect its activity.

Part A: The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the temperature of the solution.

How is the oxygen production in 30 seconds related to the rate of the reaction?

At what temperature is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest? Explain.

Why might the enzyme activity decrease at very high temperatures?

Why might a high fever be dangerous to humans?

What is the optimal temperature for enzymes in the human body?

Part A.

At low concentrations, the graph will show an increasing rate of reaction as concentration increases, levelling off at higher concentrations. The shape is explained by the concentration of substrate directly affecting the rate of reaction until another limiting factor becomes more important

The temperature at which the rate of enzyme activity is the highest should be close to 30°C. The lowest rate of enzyme activity should be at 60°C. The rate increases as the temperature increases, until the temperature, reaches about 50°C. Above this temperature, the rate decreases.

As the temperature increases, their motion increases too. In the case of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, as the speed of enzyme and substrate molecules increases, the chance for collisions so they can form enzyme-substrate complexes increases. Thus as the temperature rises, the reaction rate increases too. Above the optimal temperature, however, this does not apply. The reaction rate begins to decrease again because some of the enzyme molecules are now warm enough so that their shape becomes altered (H bonds begin to break, denaturing the enzymes). As the temperature rises above the optimal then, an increasing number of enzymes become denatured. Fewer and fewer enzymes are able to fit with their substrates at the active site. The reaction rate decreases until at some high temperature, all the enzymes are denatured, and reactions cease.

The high fever will be dangerous to humans because, at high temperatures, most of the enzymes would become denatured as stated above.

Part B: The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity

Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the pH of the solution.

At what pH is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest? Explain.

Why does changing the pH affect the enzyme activity?

Research the enzyme catalase. What is its function in the human body?

What is the optimal pH for the following enzymes found in the human body? Explain. (catalase, lipase (in your stomach), pepsin, salivary amylase)

pH alters an enzyme’s shape. Different enzymes work most excellent at dissimilar pH standards. The most favorable pH for an enzyme depends on where it works normally. intestinal enzymes optimum pH value is about 7.5 while as enzymes in the stomach have an most favorable pH of about 2.

Enzymes get affected by changes in the pH. The point where the enzyme is most active is called its optimum pH.

tremendously high or low pH values in general effect in absolute loss of activity for the majority of enzymes. pH is also helps in the permanence of enzymes. For every enzyme there is also a area of pH most favorable stability.

The catalase enzyme is so important for the health that it is found in almost every living organism which is exposed to oxygen. It is this enzyme which catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Catalase has the highest rates of yield if compared to all other enzymes. catalase enzymes act as a protection to our cells, counteracting and balancing the frequent creation of hydrogen peroxide.

catalase is helpful to the organs and body functioning. It also acts super antioxidant, catalase in addition has the capability to use hydrogen peroxide to oxidize toxins including methanol, ethanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, and nitrite, this double action makes it a decisive cellular enzyme.

Catalase is a universal enzyme which is found in almost every living organisms exposed to oxygen. It catalyzes the decay of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. As an important enzyme it protects the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species .

The optimum PH of human catalase is approximately 7 and the optimum temperature is at 37 degree.

Lipase (stomach)4.0 - 5.0

Pepsin

1.5 - 1.6

The most favorable pH for the enzymatic action of salivary amylase ranges from 6 to 7. higher than and below this range, rate of reaction reduces as enzymes get denaturated. The enzyme salivary amylase is most active at pH 6.8.

Lipase (stomach)4.0 - 5.0

Explanation / Answer

Aim: To study the effect of pH and temperature on enzyme activity

Background: Enzyme activity is defined as the rate at which substrates are converted into products in the presense of an enzyme. The activity of an enzyme may vary according to several factors like pH, substrate concentration, temperature, etc. Some enzymes are known to work in acidic pH like pepsin while some work in alkaline pH like lipases. Also, some are known to work in neutral pH as well. The optimum pH at which there is maximum conversion of the substrate to product without affecting the enzyme integrity is vital for any biochemical process to occur. Likewise, enzymes are inactive at lower temperature whereas they denature when the temperature is too high (except for heat shock proteins). Therefore, enzymes tend to work at a certain optimum pH.

Catalase has the highest rates of yield if compared to all other enzymes. catalase enzymes act as a protection to our cells, counteracting and balancing the frequent creation of hydrogen peroxide.

catalase is helpful to the organs and body functioning. It also acts super antioxidant, catalase in addition has the capability to use hydrogen peroxide to oxidize toxins including methanol, ethanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, and nitrite, this double action makes it a decisive cellular enzyme.

Catalase is a universal enzyme which is found in almost every living organisms exposed to oxygen. It catalyzes the decay of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. As an important enzyme it protects the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species .

The optimum PH of human catalase is approximately 7 and the optimum temperature is at 37 degree.

Materials required: Enzyme solutions (catalse, salivary amylase), buffer solutions, acids, alkalune solutions, water bath, distilled water, pH meter

Method: Part A- Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

different elutes of the substrate solution was taken in separate tubes and enzyme solutions were added accordingly to make the entire solution at a uniform volume followed by the addition of distilled water. The tubes were incubated for about 15-30 minutes and using dyes like MTT, thr absorbance was measured at 260nm. A graph of OD verses concentration was plot for the enzyme activity and the optimum temperature was determined.

Part B-Affect of pH on enzyme activity

Substrates were prepared in varying pH (acidic, neutral and alkaline) and salivary amylase solution was added to the tubes. After the incubation period, OD was measured at 260nm.

Results and discussion:

It was found that with increase in pH and temperature the enzyme activity varied.

At low concentrations, the graph will show an increasing rate of reaction as concentration increases, levelling off at higher concentrations. The shape is explained by the concentration of substrate directly affecting the rate of reaction until another limiting factor becomes more important

The temperature at which the rate of enzyme activity is the highest should be close to 30°C. The lowest rate of enzyme activity should be at 60°C. The rate increases as the temperature increases, until the temperature, reaches about 50°C. Above this temperature, the rate decreases.

As the temperature increases, their motion increases too. In the case of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, as the speed of enzyme and substrate molecules increases, the chance for collisions so they can form enzyme-substrate complexes increases. Thus as the temperature rises, the reaction rate increases too. Above the optimal temperature, however, this does not apply. The reaction rate begins to decrease again because some of the enzyme molecules are now warm enough so that their shape becomes altered (H bonds begin to break, denaturing the enzymes). As the temperature rises above the optimal then, an increasing number of enzymes become denatured. Fewer and fewer enzymes are able to fit with their substrates at the active site. The reaction rate decreases until at some high temperature, all the enzymes are denatured, and reactions cease.

The high fever will be dangerous to humans because, at high temperatures, most of the enzymes would become denatured as stated above.

pH alters an enzyme’s shape. Different enzymes work most excellent at dissimilar pH standards. The most favorable pH for an enzyme depends on where it works normally. intestinal enzymes optimum pHvalue is about 7.5 while as enzymes in the stomach have an most favorable pH of about 2.

Enzymes get affected by changes in the pH. The point where the enzyme is most active is called its optimum pH.

tremendously high or low pH values in general effect in absolute loss of activity for the majority of enzymes. pH is also helps in the permanence of enzymes. For every enzyme there is also a area of pH most favorable stability.The most favorable pH for the enzymatic action of salivary amylase ranges from 6 to 7. higher than and below this range, rate of reaction reduces as enzymes get denaturated. The enzyme salivary amylase is most active at pH 6.8.

Conclusion: Thus, the enzyme activity highly depends on the temperature and pH. Also, enzyme has maximum activity at optimum pH and temperature.

[note: The information was less. Methods and materials were missing. But, I still managed to write in general on how it is done. Also, I hope I had to include the text mentioned above as part of the question in the answer. I did add the information as mentioned above. ]

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