Tutorial 9: Chapter 10-11 1. State the general functions of respiration system 2

Question

Tutorial 9: Chapter 10-11 1. State the general functions of respiration system 2. List FOUR (4) steps involves in respiration. 3. Differentiate between upper and lower respiratory tracts. 4. Describe the arrangement of cartilage, smooth muscle and epithelium in the tracheobronchial tree. 5. Explain why breathing becomes more difficult during an asthma attack. 6. Define the term ventilation. pressure differences and resistance affect airflow 7. How do 8. What happen to the pressure within a container when the 9. Distinguish between Dalton's law, fick's laws of 10. According to Dalton's law, what is the partial pressure 11. Why is the composition of inspired, alveolar and 12. Explain how changes in alveolar cause air to move into 13. Illustrate the conditions of diaphragm during 14. Discuss the relationship between alveolar pressure and through a tube? volume of the container increases? diffusion and boyle's lavw of a gas? expired air different? and out of the lungs. ventilation intrapleural pressure and the volume of air moved? Draw the diagram that support your answer 15. Describe what happen when alveolar pressure is drops below and rise above the atmospheric pressure. 16. How surfactant influence the ventilation? 17. Define the following terms: - Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume -Expiratory reserve volume - Residual volume 18. What are the effects of gravity and alveolar PO,on blood flowin the lung? 19. State the classifications of hypoxia. 20. How does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve explain the uptake of oxygen in the lungs and the release of oxygen in tissues? 21. Discuss the general process of O, binding to hemoglobin. 22. Illustrate the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. 23. State the factors that influence the regulation of ventilation 24. Explain how the chemoreceptors response to plasma

Explanation / Answer

1. The main function is to exchange of gases from blood to lungs and vice versa. The blood gives O2 to cells from the lungs and removes CO2 from cells to blood to lungs.

2. Pulmonary ventilation, External respiration, Transport of respiratory gases and Internal respiration.

3. The upper respiratory tract includes the mouth, nose, sinus, throat, larynx and trachea. The lower respiratory tract includes the bronchial tubes and the lungs.

4. The trachea, like all of the larger respiratory airways, is held open by cartilage here in C-shaped rings. Alveoli are tiny air filled pockets made up of simple squamous epithelium. smooth muscle around the trachea and bronchioles

5. Asthma - sudden inflammation and contraction of the smooth muscle around bronchioles. This narrows the airways, causing difficulty in breathing.

6. The exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere so O2 can exchange for CO2 in alveoli.

7. If there is high pressure difference two ends the air rushes to flow from high pressure to low pressure end. If there is any hindrance present in the pipe the flow of air is not smooth that called as air resistance.

8. Pressure decrease.

9. Boyles law - the pressure exerted by a gas at a constant temperature varies inversely with the volume of the gas. Dalton's law is nothing but the total pressure exerted by the mixture gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases. Ficks - diffusion rate of a gas across a fluid membrane is proportional to the difference in partial pressure and the area of the membrane and inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane.

10. Individual gases (partial pressure of gases )present in the total mixture of non reactive gases.

11. The composiion makes the pressure difference between each part gives the air simply diffuse from high to low pressure without use any external energy.

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