The heart has a high rate of ATP production to fuel muscle contraction. Under ph
ID: 183798 • Letter: T
Question
The heart has a high rate of ATP production to fuel muscle contraction. Under physiological conditions, about 70% of cardiac ATP is derived from fatty acid metabolism whereas the remaining 30% is derived from glucose metabolism. (c) e the metabolic pathways involved in ) fatty acid utilization and (i) glucose utilization, yielding the acetyl group of acetyl COA. () Name (2 marks) (ii) Name the metabolic pathways whereby acetyl CoA contributes energy and electrons towards formation of the high energy phosphate bond in ATP. (2 marks) (ii) How will hypoxia offect the dependence on fatty acid and glucose metabolism for ATP? (2 marks)Explanation / Answer
1) Acetyl Co A is a molecule participate in many biochemical reactions in protein it's function is to deliver the Acetyl to citric acid to be oxidised for energy production.
The role of fatty acids on animal metabolism is energy production in the form of adenosine triphosphate they yield the most ATP on an energy per gram,fatty acids form important molecules like tryglycerides ,phospho lipids and ketone bodies.they are the lipid macronutrient class, they are the components of phospholipids.they can be cleaved in the cell membrane to form second Messengers.
CoA is acetylated to acetyl coA by the break down of carbohydrates and and fattycaids by glycolisys and beta - oxidation.acetyl coA is enters the citric acid cycle ,acetyl group oxidised forming of carbon dioxide and water.energy released in the form of 11ATP one GTP in acetyl group.
2)the metabolites formed in the high energy phosphate with ATP are nucleoside triphosphates and necleoside diphosphates. It is also called as Lipmann's term high energy bond and the symbol ~P( squiggleP).
3) hypoxia can increase the fatty acid synthesis by inducing sterol regulatory element binding protein, hypoxia can enhance triglyceride storage through HIF-alpha dependent pathways in cancer cells.hypoxia promoted tumor growth by utilizing a reductive metabolism to synthesize Acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis.
Tumor cells need to consume more glucose to maintain it's energy requirements for growth and survival, at the last step of glycolisys HIF-1alpha promotes lactate production and electron acceptor, it facilitate cancer cell glycolysis .it is low efficient but rapid method to obtain energy by glucose uptake and increased glycolitic enzyme activity.
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