Here are some simply answer questions based on the textbook material science and

Question

Here are some simply answer questions based on the textbook material science and engineering. can someone answer in short paragraph or sentence. thanks alot

1. what are the valence electron

2. what does the electronegativity of an atom represent

3. Define polymorphism (also called allotropy)

4. what are the difference between a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope

5. why boundaries are considered defects

6. if you want to measure the grain size of material, which microscopy technique would use

7. why is the onset of yielding difficult to define on a stress-strain curve for a polycrystalline material

8. use dislocation theory, explain the following observation: cold-working makes aluminium harder

9. what is the difference between resolved shear stress and critical resolved shear stress

10. what the ductile to brittle transition temperature is. which materials are more likely to have such transition

11. what is the effect of increased strain rate on the measured yield stress of material, explain

12. differentiate between transgranular (also called intragranular) and intergranular fracture

Explanation / Answer

1. a valence electron is an electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair.

2.  Electronegativity, symbol ?, is a chemical property that describes the ability of an atom (or, more rarely, a functional group) to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself.[1] An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic weight and the distance that its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The higher the associated electronegativity number, the more an element or compound attracts electrons towards it.

3. Polymorphism is defined as the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure, whereas allotropy is definedas the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of these elements. (From wikipedia).

4.  these are some of the differences

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