please answer all the questions 1. Immunological memory develops after the initi
ID: 186140 • Letter: P
Question
please answer all the questions
1. Immunological memory develops after the initial exposure to an antigen, such as after vaccination. This memory results in a more vigorous response to the same antigen after a subsequent exposure. What two cell types are most responsible for this memory?
A,.
b.
2. you eat fish for dinner one day and you absentmindedly swallow a bone. The bone passes harmlessly through the stomach but perforates the wall of your small intestine and introduces live gram-negative bacteria into the underlying tissues. Two days after you eat the fish dinner, you experience abdominal pain, intestinal upset fever, and loss of appetite. After four days you are felling so terrible that you go to the emergency room. An e-ray reveals an amorphous cavity in the wall of your intestine. You are anesthetized and the cavity is surgically drained of approximately 75ml of bloody pus. What leukocyte is most responsible for pus formation?
3.you are an immunologist working at a veterinary hospital. A one-year-old dog is brought to the hospital suffering from bacterial pneumonia—an infection of the lungs. This is the third time since the dog was born last year that it has gotten sick with the same disease. One of the dog’s parents has also suffered from a similar recurrent disease and requires continuous prophylactic antibiotics. You ordered blood work including an analysis of leukocytes. You find that there is a lower than normal number of a particular white blood cell. What cell deficiency might explain the dog’s symptoms?
4. consider a virus that you might be exposed to when a classmate sneezes. How can your immune system prevent infection of your cells with that virus. Suggest a mechanism.
5. which one of the six categories of pathogens is considered to be the cause of the greatest amount of human disease?
6.a number of soluble factors are released by sentinel cells after activation. One factor is famous for causing leakage of blood vessels and swelling. What is this factor?
7. why is urination considered a type of defense against infection?
8. why is it important for your immune system to not attack all molecular patterns that is can recognize?
9. What must be done to instruments prior to use to prevent contamination. And what is a method that may be used to accomplish this ?
10. What is more likely to have a higher microbial load on this campus, the seat of toilet or the handles of a sink faucet? Why?
Explanation / Answer
1. Immunological memory is defined as if a host, undergone an infection or primed with an antigen, will react more rapidly and with higher titers of antibodies or T cells to a second infection or antigen exposure. It is often explained as a special quality of individual T and B cells, are two cell types are most responsible for this memory.
Antigen-specific memory B cells appear later, because B-cell activation begins after armed helper T cells are available, and B cells must select in lymphoid tissue and.then enters a proliferation phase.
2. Neutrophils are most responsible for pus formation. Most of the neutrophils have short life spans. When they engulf pathogens, will die after engulfing certain number of bacteria. As neutrophils break down, released chemicals attract other neutrophils to the place. These dead neutrophils and cellular debris products forms pus, which is related with infected wounds.
3. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells are called lymphocytes. The main types are antibody responses and cell mediated immune response which are carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). so the count of lymphocytes will be lower than normal number.
4. Innate immunity is basically the first line of defense of a host against an infectious agent. The innate leukocytes are as follows, they are Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils; and the phagocytic cells include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
Mechanism: An immune response to a virus appears first during the primary infection of a susceptible, nonimmune host and increases during reinfection of an immune host. The target immune responses that are effective against viruses are cell-mediated immunity involving T lymphocytes and cytotoxic effector T lymphocytes, and antibody, with and without its interaction with complement and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), also natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, and lymphokines and monokines . Most of these immune functions may interact with non immune defense mechanisms.
Related Questions
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.