2. Identify whether the studies below are observational studies, human intervent

Question

2. Identify whether the studies below are observational studies, human intervention studies or animal studies then restate the findings using your own words. ('you don't need to understand every word in the following true research study designs to answer the questionding tye of study) a. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether consumption of whole, dried Lentinula edodes (shiitake) mushrooms could improve human immune function. Design: Fi two healthy males and females, aged 21-41 years, participated in a 4-week parallel group study consuming either 5 or 10 g of mushrooms daily. Each subject had blood drawn before and after 4 weeks of daily L. edodes consumption. Saliva and serum were also collected. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in autologous serum for 24 hours or 6 days, stained, and examined by flow cytometry. Results: Eating L. edodes for 4 weeks resulted in increased ex vivo proliferation ofy6-T (60% more, p

Explanation / Answer

Type of study

The present study is an observational study based on humans.

Study background

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of consumption of dried Lentinula edodes mushrooms in improving the immune response of humans. Male and female humans (age group 21-41) were given 5 to 10g of the mushrooms daily for 4 weeks. The blood, serum, saliva samples were taken before the feeding experiment and after 4 weeks (completion of the experiment). The blood cells were cultured and examined by technique of flow cytometry.   

Findings

The results of the experiment indicated

Increase in the cell density of -T and NK-T caused an enhancement in the cell effectors response due to increased expression of activation receptors in humans who consumed the mushrooms for 4 weeks.
Increase in IgA indicated high gut immunity.
Reduced inflammation was noted due to reduction in serum CRP levels.
Change in the pattern of cytokines than the usual.
Increase in the Interleukin I-L4, IL-10, IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
A decrease in macrophage inflammatory protein chemokine CC ligand 3.
No change in IL-6, IL-17, IL-1, MIP-1 and interferon levels was noted.

Summary

The consumption of the mushrooms increases immunity by increasing density of cells involved in activation of effector response and increased IgA production. The changes in the cytokines and serum CRP levels improved the condition by reducing inflammation.

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