T-Mobile LTE * 77%- 10:11 AM instructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com 12. Describe t
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T-Mobile LTE * 77%- 10:11 AM instructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com 12. Describe the connection between genetie diversity, shrinking gone pools and extinction. 13. Using antibiotic resistance as an example, explain the following statements Natural selection does not cause genetic changes in individuals b. Natural selection acts on individuals, but it is populations that evolve Evolution is not progressive; it does not resalt in perfect organisms IIL The Origin of Specles (Chapter 17) 14. Explain the biological concept of a species 13. Give examples of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms and state whether they are premating or postmating gametie incompatibility b. ecological isolation c. temporal isolation d.behavioral isolation g hybrid inviability h. hybrid infertility. 16. Explain the importance of iselation and genetic divergence to speciation. 17. Explain how cach of the following may lcad to extinction of a specics. intcractions with other specics a localizod distribution b. overspecialization d. habitat change. 18. Explain how preserving the biodiversity of an ecosystem will not oely benefit the animals and plants that live there, but humans as well. IV. The History of Life (Chapter 18) 19. List the elements and simple inerganic compounds which were present on the primitive arth. 20. Name the sources of available energy on the primitive carth 21. Explain and discuss the significance of the Miller-Urey experiment. 22. Discuss the rise of photosynthetic bacteria on the early earth and explain its significance to evolution 23. Give the estimated dates for the origin of the earth first multicellular life forms first animals b. first prokaryotie cells c free oxygen accumalates first land plants d.first cukaryotic cell 24. Discuss the role continental drift, catastrophic geological events, and meticorite strikes play in climate change and mass extinction. 12 25. Discuss the adaptive advantages of the following charactcristics as evolution has occurrod between tree-dwelling ancestand Home goes:Explanation / Answer
14. Biological concept of species was given by Ernst Mayr which says:-"species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups."
15.a. Geographic isolation is a term that refers to a population of animals, plants, or other organisms that are separated from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species. Typically geographic isolation is the result of an accident or coincidence. These are premating mechanisms which can lead to speciation.
b. When ecologically-based divergent selection creates reproductive barriers between populations, it is referred to as ecological speciation. Ecological isolation is one of the five pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between species. In ecological isolation, mating is prevented because of the separation of species resulting from the difference in their habitat. (premating isolation).
c. temporal isolation occurs when mating between two closely related species, with an overlapping range, is prevented due to the difference in the time of sexual maturityflowering in the case of plants. Simply put, the two species cannot mate because their breeding season doesn't match. (premating).
d.Behavioral isolation is reproductive isolation based on the behavior of species in the context of mating rituals and signals. Also known as ethological isolation, it occurs when two populations are capable of interbreeding, but don't breed because of differences in their courtship rituals. These differences are seen in one of the many cues to the complex courtship rituals of their search-courting-mating process, such as breeding calls (auditory stimuli), mating dances (visual stimuli), pheromones (chemical stimuli), etc. (premating)
e. Mechanical isolation, which prevents mating because of genital incompatibility, is a postmating prezygotic isolation.(premating)
f.Gametic isolation is a mechanism of reproductive isolation which inhibits mating between two distinct species, by ensuring that their gametes don't interact with each other. This incompatibility of gametes prevents the formation of inter-species hybrids and maintains the integrity of the species(postmating).Gametic reproductive isolation is especially seen in species that reproduce externally, primarily marine species and species of flowering plants.
g.Hybrid inviability is a post-zygotic barrier, which reduces a hybrid's capacity to mature into a healthy, fit adult.The relatively low health of these hybrids relative to pure-breed individuals prevents gene flow between species. Thus, hybrid inviability acts as an isolating mechanism, limiting hybridization and allowing for the differentiation of species.(premating).
h.Hybrid Infertility:Reduction in the quality and/or number of gametes produced by a hybrid (in comparison with its parents).Among those hybrid offspring that do develop normally and reach sexual maturity, most are sterile, meaning they do not produce viable gametes. For example, mules result from the mating of a horse with a donkey. They are born and develop into normal healthy adult animals, but they cannot produce offspring of their own.
19. We can go through the Miller and Urey experiment to understand the origin of life on earth from inanimate matter.
The elements on primitive earth were N,O,H,C etc. and simple inorganic compounds were NH3,H2O,CO2 etc.
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