Each of the statements below is a hypothesis about why individuals of a particul
ID: 18863 • Letter: E
Question
Each of the statements below is a hypothesis about why individuals of a particular kind of moth pull their forewings forward when poked. For each statement, label it (A) if it is a proximate hypothesis, and (B) if it is an ultimate hypothesis.1. The behavior is learned.
2. Wing flipping scares some predators away.
3. The behavior is the product of a special set of muscle contractions.
4. The behavior is a modified version of wing movements that many moths use to raise their body temperature in order to begin flying.
5. The moth’s genes influence the way the adult animal’s nervous system forms connections between its muscles and its wings.
Explanation / Answer
(1) A , (2) B , (3) A , (4) A , (5) A , BECAUSE: A = proximate = a hypothesis that explains HOW something happens, and what is the mechanism that makes it happen, what enzyme catalyzes it?, is it through learning from the other animals in the herd?, is it a congenital metabolic pathway? Proximate is direct CAUSE & EFFECT. B = ultimate = a hypothesis that tries to find out WHY something happened, as in what did this mechanism evolve for, or what is the evolutionary advantage derived from it, what was the evolutionary pressure. Ultimate is WHAT ADVANTAGE IS DERIVED? (1) A young carnivore learns how to hunt through imitation & coaching, that is a mechanism, it's A. (2) The advantage that moths might have acquired after evolving this behavior is explained, it's B. (3) This and that other muscle contract in this or that other way, mechanism, it's A. (4) Tough call. But it's A, because they explain that the mechanism is through modifying just a little some other movement or motion pathway that is already there for something else that has been studied maybe more thoroughly. That other pathway is the one that they say why. But this modified pathway they are not saying why. (5) This one might appear non-sensical, but the content or the accuracy don't matter. What matters is that they propose that the gene products from the moth, when given to humans somehow catalyze something that happens in the human. Maybe in people exposed to them by accident. It explains how the nervous system does something. It's A.
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