Yeasts, molds, and many bacteria are able to carry out a metabolic processing of

Question

Yeasts, molds, and many bacteria are able to carry out a metabolic processing of sugars that does not require oxygen as an input. This process is used to make cheese, yogurt, and other types of food.

What is this metabolic process called?

Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
Osmosis
Fermentation

Organelles, sometimes called the “powerhouse of the cell,” produce ATP through the process of aerobic respiration.

What are these organelles and where are they found?

Mitochondria; both plant and animal cells
Chloroplasts; animal cells
Cytoskeleton; animal cells
Vesicles; plant cells

What is a trait of a prokaryotic cell?

Contains a nucleoid region
Contains membrane-bound organelles
Contains chloroplasts
Contains a nucleus

Which statement describes the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane?

The glycerol heads are hydrophobic.
The charged phosphate groups are hydrophilic.
The fatty acid tails are hydrophilic.
The charged phosphate groups are hydrophobic.

Cholesterol can be packaged into droplets using LDL (low density lipoprotein). Cells that need to take in cholesterol from the LDL droplets have a protein on their membrane called an LDL receptor. This protein binds to the LDL droplet and brings the cholesterol into the cell by forming a vesicle around it.

Which method of membrane transport is involved in this process?

Endocytosis
Diffusion
Exocytosis
Osmosis

The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes that are replicated and passed on to the next generation. One of the two organic molecules that comprise the chromosomes is the “molecule of heredity.”

Which of the two molecules that comprise a chromosome is the hereditary material?

DNA
Carbohydrates
RNA
Proteins

A cell has increased in size and is preparing to divide. Before division can occur, the DNA must be replicated.

In which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

G2
G1
Synthesis
Cytokinesis

What is the function of the replication enzymes during S phase of the cell cycle?

Keeping the DNA tightly coiled
Holding the sister chromatids together until they are separated during mitosis
Pushing the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell
Copying the DNA in the chromosomes

How is DNA structured during the metaphase stage of mitosis?

The chromatid at the center keeps the DNA apart at separate ends of the dividing cell
The centromere at the center keeps DNA lined up at the cell’s equator
The chromatids consisting of DNA are moving apart
The centromeres keep the DNA in separate nuclei

What happens when a cell transitions from the prophase stage to the metaphase stage during mitosis?

Chromosomes are aligned along the center of the cell and then pulled apart into separate chromatids.
Chromatids are separated and isolated into separate daughter nuclei.
DNA is condensed and then sister chromatids are organized along the midline of the cell.
Chromosomes are uncondensed and arranged randomly throughout the cell.

Which stage of mitosis is depicted?

Metaphase
Telophase
Prophase
Anaphase

Which statement is true regarding mitosis?

During anaphase, the chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
During prophase, the chromosomes become uncondensed and two new nuclei are formed.
During metaphase, the chromosomes condense.
During telophase, the chromosomes align in the center of the cell.

During which stage of meiosis do homologous pairs of chromosomes separate from each other?

Metaphase II
Anaphase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase II

During which stage of meiosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?

Prophase II
Prophase I
Anaphase I
Anaphase II

What is true of meiosis?

The daughter cells that result from meiosis are diploid.
Meiosis produces four daughter cells.
The number of chromosomes present in the parent cell is maintained in the daughter cells.
The daughter cells that result from meiosis are identical.

What is true of mitosis?

Homologous chromosomes are separated to produce four haploid daughter cells.
The daughter cells produced are gametes.
Sister chromatids separate to produce two diploid daughter cells.
A cell undergoes two cell divisions.

Which comparison of DNA and RNA is correct?

DNA is used to make proteins; RNA stores hereditary information
DNA is a monomer; RNA is a polymer.
DNA uses the base thymine; RNA uses the base uracil.
DNA can leave the nucleus; RNA remains in the nucleus.

Populations of the water snake Nerodia sipedon are composed of snakes that have one of two color patterns: banded (BB or Bb) or solid (bb).

Which percentage of the gametes produced by solid-colored snakes will contain the b allele?

25%
50%
75%
100%

A gardener performs a monohybrid cross on two heterozygous orange-fruited tomato plants. Plants expressing the recessive phenotype yield yellow tomato fruits.

What percentage of the offspring will produce yellow tomatoes?

50%
75%
25%
100%

A species of fish can either have dominant red fins (R) or recessive white fins (r). Fin lengths can either be dominant long (L) or recessive short (l). A dihybrid cross between two of these fish occurs. Each fish is heterozygous for the traits of fin color and fin length.

How many possible gamete genotypes will each parent fish produce?

2
4
1
3

A horticulturalist is interested in producing new colors of carnations. To try and find new color combinations, the horticulturalist works with flowers that are red, white, and pink. The gene for color shows an incomplete dominance inheritance pattern. Two pink carnations are crossed and a phenotype ratio of 2:1:1 is observed.

Which color phenotypes correctly correspond to this ratio of 2:1:1?

White:pink:red
Pink:red:white
White:red:pink
Red:pink:white

The human MN blood group is determined by alleles (M and N) for a single gene that code for two specific, codominant markers found on the surface of red blood cells.

If two individuals with the MN blood type produce offspring, which phenotypic ratio of offspring would result?

50% MM: 25% MN: 25% NN
50% MN: 25% NN: 25% MM
50% MM: 50% NN
100% MN

In general, offspring of barn swallows have tail lengths very similar to their parents. However, if the offspring are removed from their nests while young and transplanted to nests that have parents of significantly different tail lengths, these birds tend to grow tail lengths similar to their “foster” parent types.

What explains this result?

Tail length in barn swallows follows a genetic pattern of incomplete dominance.
Tail length is not influenced by genotype in barn swallows.
Tail length is a phenotypic trait that follows patterns of Mendelian inheritance.
Tail length in barn swallows appears to be influenced by both genes and the environment.

Two short-haired cats have a litter of kittens. The litter consists of two female and three male kittens with short fur and one female kitten with long fur.

According to this information, what is the inheritance pattern of hair length?

Sex-linked
Codominant
Autosomal
Heterosomal

Which of the following steps in DNA replication would occur second?

DNA molecule separates into two template strands.
DNA molecule unwinds.
Complimentary nucleotides are added to each template strand.
Two DNA molecules, each with a template strand and a new strand, are formed.

Which of the following carries the information that determines which amino acids are used to make a protein?

Ribosomal RNA
RNA polymerase
Chromosomal RNA
Messenger RNA

What is the identity and function of the structure circled in the diagram above?

This is a molecule of mRNA that is catalyzing the process of translation.
This is a molecule of tRNA that is bringing an amino acid to the ribosome.
This is a molecule of rRNA that is catalyzing the process of translation.
This is a molecule of mRNA that is bringing an amino acid to the ribosome.

What is the identity and function of the structure circled in the diagram above?

This is a molecule of mRNA that is catalyzing the process of translation.
This is a molecule of tRNA that is bringing an amino acid to the ribosome.
This is a molecule of rRNA that is catalyzing the process of translation.
This is a molecule of mRNA that is bringing an amino acid to the ribosome.

A gene contains the sequence CGCATACGGTAC that results in the amino acid sequence arg-ile-arg-tyr. A mutation in this gene has a G inserted after the second C in the strand.

How will this mutation affect the phenotype?

This will not affect the phenotype because only the second amino acid is different from the original protein.
This will affect the phenotype because although most of the protein will be identical, the first amino acid will be different.
This will affect the phenotype because all of the amino acids after the first one will be different from the original protein.
This will not affect the phenotype because the protein will be identical to the original protein.

An ecologist collects and counts all individuals of one species of hair follicle mite collected from the hair follicles of one human subject.

Which term correctly identifies this level of ecological organization?

Ecosystem
Population
Biosphere
Community

Lakes and ponds include distinct interacting sets of species and well defined and isolated abiotic factors that influence those species.

Which term describes the level of ecological organization of a lake or pond?

Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Population

A wildlife biologist is studying the factors that influence the reproductive success of the lions that inhabit the shrublands of the Serengeti and their prey, zebras. The biologist will study how these species interact with each other, as well as how physical factors (e.g., temperature, water availability) may affect the reproductive success of lions and zebras.

Which level of ecological organization is the biologist studying?

Population
Ecosystem
Community
Biosphere

The population of rabbit was observed to rise and fall over a period of 8 to 10 years. The wolf population in the same area followed the same rate of increase and decrease as the rabbit population approximately two years afterward.

What is the relationship between the wolf and the rabbit?

Mutualism
Competition
Symbiosis
Predator-prey

A giraffe eats from an acacia tree.

What type of interaction is this an example of?

Parasitism
Herbivory
Mutualism
Competition

Caribou in the arctic tundra search for food by digging in the snow. Once the caribou is done searching for food, arctic foxes will go to the recently dug hole and use the hole to search for their own food.

Which interaction is occurring between these species?

Commensalism
Competition
Predation
Parasitism

Caribou and reindeer are both herbivores whose diets consist of lichens and grasses.

Which interaction is occurring between the caribou and the reindeer?

Parasitism
Competition
Commensalism
Mutualism

Which organism in this food web is a detritivore?

Fish
Lobster
Seal
Polar bear

In a pond ecosystem, mosquito larvae feed on photosynthetic algae. Other larvae, such as dragonfly larvae, feed on the mosquito larvae. The dragonfly larvae are, in turn, consumed by fish, which can be preyed upon by raccoons.

Which organism is a primary consumer in this ecosystem?

Fish
Dragonfly larvae
Mosquito larvae
Algae

Which organism in this food web is a decomposer?

Damselfly
Algae
Frog
Bacteria

What plays multiple roles in the cycling of nitrogen, including converting nitrogen gas into a form of nitrogen usable by plants?

Lightning
Fungi
Bacteria
Animals

Coral reefs are built from the calcium carbonate secretions of coral polyps, and the resulting structures provide shelter and homes for a diverse group of organisms. However, many of these reefs are decreasing in size, due to the effects of climate change, and the animals that rely on them are in danger of extinction.

Which activity would have a negative impact on biodiversity in coral reefs?

Increasing the use of renewable energy sources
Increasing use of sustainable technologies
Developing technologies that would reduce the amount of pollutants produced
Increasing use of fossil fuels

Explanation / Answer

The process used by yeast, molds etc. to carry out metabolic process is called fermentation. Powerhouse of the cell is mitochondria, present in both animal and plant cell. Prokaryotic cells don't have a defined nucleus but have a nucleoid region. The charged phosphate groups are hydrophilic. Being charged the phosphate head is able to interact with water and hence faces the inner and the outer side of the bilayered membrane. Endocytosis, the process by which molecules are taken in by the cells through vesicles. DNA , it contains the genetic information, thus is the molecule of heriditary. Synthesis it is the phase in cell cycle when DNA replication occurs. The replication enzyme has the function of Copying the DNA in the chromosomes in the S phase. During metaphase The centromere are aligned at the center and the DNA lined up at the cell’s equator As the cell moves from prophase to metaphase, the DNA is condensed and then sister chromatids are organized along the midline of the cell. The seperation of chromatids occurs in Anaphase. During anaphase, the chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Anaphase I is when homologous pair of chromasomes separate. Anaphase II when sister chromatids separate. Meiosis produces four daughter cells. Each is haploid Sister chromatids separate to produce two diploid daughter cells in mitosis. DNA uses the base thymine; RNA uses the base uracil. 100% (bb x bb = bb) 25% (Oo x Oo = OO, Oo, Oo, oo) only 'oo' is yellow tomato hance 1/4 or 25% Pink:red:white (WR x WR : WW, WR,WR, RR) hence 2 Pink(WR) and 1 White(WW) and 1 red(RR) 50% MN: 25% NN: 25% MM same as above. Tail length in barn swallows appears to be influenced by both genes and the environment as the change in parenting environment effects the tail lenght Autosomal (long fur being a recessive trait) DNA molecule separates into two template strands. Messenger RNA. it is used by ribosome to from the amino acid chain

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