In anaerobic reactions, pyruvate is converted to either lactate or ethanol. In b

Question

In anaerobic reactions, pyruvate is converted to either lactate or ethanol. In both of these anaerobic reactions, the cofactor NADH is oxidized to NAD', which then can be used to perform what function? How does ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation differ from ATP synthesis in glycolysis? The ATP synthase in chloroplast thylakoid membranes is oriented in the opposite direction within the membrane to that of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. How can the chloroplast synthase still be functional in ATP production? Il. Based on the known pigments in a chloroplast photocenter, would you expect the isolated chloroplasts to show a single component light absorption spectra?

Explanation / Answer

As per rules, teacher is supposed to answer only one question, therefore, I attempt first one only.

Answer: As is quite evident, in both anaerobic cases, NADH is converted to NAD. NAD produced in these two reactions is used in the next round of glycolysis to form NADH. This is important due to the fact that if oxygen is not present, NADH will not be re-oxidised as in oxidative phosphorylation, therefore, other reaction, such as those of homolactic and alcoholic fermentation, must occur to replenish the NAD to be used in glycolysis step 5. In conclusion NAD produced in these two processes is used in next round of glycolysis at step 5 to produce NADH from NAD, otherwise glycolysis will halt.

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