Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and Routine Immunizations Background As their name
ID: 193682 • Letter: V
Question
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and Routine Immunizations
Background
As their name suggests, vaccine-preventable diseases are caused by microbes against which active immunization is effective. In other words, administration of a vaccine can stimulate an adaptive immune response that will be protective if the vaccinee is exposed to the virulent pathogen in the future. On their web site, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identify twenty-five vaccine-preventable diseases. That is to say, there are twenty-five diseases for which effective vaccines are available. A subset of all the available vaccines is recommended by the CDC for routine immunization of the U.S. general public. Routine immunizations are administered on a schedule that is dependent on the age of the vaccinee, and often a given vaccine will be administered multiple times to boost the immune response.
Activities
Complete the following activities, and then answer the questions in the next section.
(1) Download and read the current schedules for routine immunizations that are posted on the CDC web site (be aware that information in the footnotes may be needed to answer specific quiz or exam questions):
Recommended Immunization Schedule for Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger
Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older
(2) To see whether you need any recommended vaccinations, take this interactive quiz at the CDC web site. Make sure you look at the risk factors to determine whether you fall into any high risk group for a particular vaccine-preventable disease.
(3) Download Table 1 and complete it with information about the disease(s) caused by the pathogens against which each vaccine is designed to provide protection. You can find the information in your textbook, or follow the links on the CDC list of vaccine-preventable diseases, if you wish. For reference, you should also download Table 2, which has a list of the abbreviations used, and identifies the specific type of each vaccine.
General Questions:
(1) Which of the routine immunizations is/are new since you were a child?
(2) Why are there only 25 vaccine preventable diseases?
(3) Why doesn’t CDC recommend routine vaccination of the general public against all 25 of the vaccine-preventable diseases?
Specific questions:
(1) For babies born to hepatitis B virus-seropositive mothers, the birth dose of HepB vaccine is supplemented with a dose of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). What is the purpose of the HBIG?
(2) Although the zoster vaccine is licensed for use in, and may be administered to, persons 50 years and older, it currently is recommended only for those 60 and older. What is the distinction between a vaccine being licensed for a certain use versus being recommended?
(3) For people with immunocompromising conditions, which types of vaccine generally are acceptable, and which should be avoided? What might happen if an immunocompromised person was vaccinated with one of the vaccines that should be avoided?
Explanation / Answer
1) All children must have four doses of the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) injection at the age between 4-6 yrs. Younger Children more than 9 years are administered the influenza vaccine first time, one month later a second vaccine is given. H Influenzae Type B (Hib) Vaccine given to the children less than 5 yrs. Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis Vaccine is given till 6 yrs of age, Hepatitis B vaccine is given to the children younger than 18 yrs old.
specific question
1) hepatitis B vaccine given at birth is supplemented by HBIG supply quick and long-term protection against HBV in babies born to hepatitis B virus-seropositive mothers.
3) They're not recommended because all the diseases are not a big warning. Such as,there is no more existance of smallpox disease in the wild, so most of the peoples not needed to be vaccinated. But vaccine is available for any change.
3)To immunocompromised persons, killed or inactivated vaccines do not constitute a danger and normally should be directed as suggested for healthy persons. For particular condition of immunocompromising like asplenia, this type of patients may be at higher chance for defiite diseases, also additional vaccines, specifically bacterial polysaccharide vaccines, are suggested for them. The immune response of immunocompromised person's immune response to these antigens of vaccines is oftenly not as good as that of immunocompetent persons; higher or more regular boosters may be essential, whilest even with these changes, suboptimal immune response is observed.
Bacterial and live viral vaccines should not be directed during immunosupression period, where the diseases or drugs strongly supressed the immune system, since they would leads to systemic infection.
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